What is Protein Synthesis?

Protein synthesis is the process by which cells produce protein molecules using DNA, RNA, and different enzymes. Transcription and translation are the two steps that make up protein synthesis.

Meanwhile, in eukaryotic cells, the process of making transcripts starts in the nucleus (mRNA). This step of protein synthesis in cells proceeds when mRNA is translated into polypeptide protein molecules by ribosomes.

Protein Synthesis Steps

Amino acids are required for the stages of protein synthesis to take place. Some amino acids may be generated by the body from carbon sources such as glucose through a series of metabolic reactions. You can get some of the other amino acids from the food you consume. Transcription takes place in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, whereas translation takes place on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. DNA RNA Protein are two processes that may be condensed into one.

Protein Synthesis Diagram

I. Transcription Process

The initiation, elongation, and termination of the mRNA chain are the three steps of the transcription process in protein synthesis. Transcription factors are a class of proteins. Transcription factors attach to particular DNA regions known as enhancers and promoters in order to direct RNA polymerase to the correct transcription site.

The initiation, elongation, and termination of the mRNA chain are the three steps of the transcription process in protein synthesis.

a). Initiation

A transcription initiation complex is made up of transcription factors and RNA polymerase. This complex will start transcription, after which RNA polymerase will start mRNA synthesis by matching complementary bases with the original DNA strand.

b). Elongation

The RNA travels along the DNA and untwists the DNA double helix to produce an elongated RNA molecule during the elongation process.

c). Termination

Transcription is terminated once the mRNA strand is entirely produced, and the mRNA is detached from the DNA template. During the translation step, the newly generated mRNA copy of the gene will exit the nucleus and serve as a template for protein synthesis. This is a sequence that signals the end of the transcription process.

II. Translation Process

The genetic code is a collection of principles that govern how an mRNA sequence is converted into a 20-letter amino acid code. These atoms and molecules

Codons are three-letter nucleotide pairings that make up the genetic code. Each of these codons will either match a certain type of amino acid or a process stop signal. The building blocks of protein synthesis are these amino acids.

The start, elongation, and termination phases of translation are similar to those of transcription. in the ribosome, which serves as a protein production factory. Ribosomes are complicated entities made up of multiple ribosomal RNA molecules and a number of proteins with tiny and big subunits.

The start, elongation, and termination phases of translation are similar to those of transcription.

a). Initiation

The AUG sequence is found in the start codon of all mRNA molecules, and it codes for methionine. The big ribosomal subunit then binds to start forming the whole initiation complex.

b). Elongation

The ribosome will continue to translate each codon in turn throughout the elongation step. The relevant amino acids are added to the elongated chain and peptide bonds are used to bind them together. The process of elongation continues until all codons have been read.

c). Termination

This is the order in which protein synthesis takes place in the nucleus and on ribosomes. The translation complex is split once the new protein produced as a result of the translation process is released.