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Okazaki Fragments: Definition, Mechanism, and Diagram
Continue ReadingOkazaki Fragments Definition
During DNA replication, a relatively small piece of DNA is produced on the lagging strand.
DNA unwinds and the two strands split in half at the commencement of replication, creating two “prongs” that resemble a fork (thus, called replication fork).
The leading strand is 5′ to 3′ long, while the lagging strand is 3′ to 5′ long.
Unlike the leading strand, which may be produced continuously, the lagging strand is generated in small pieces known as Okazaki fragments, which are then covalently linked to form a continuous strand.
This is due to the fact that DNA synthesis can only go in one direction: 5′ to 3′.
Okazaki Fragments Diagram
Reiji Okazaki, Tsuneko Okazaki, and their colleagues first found Okazaki pieces in 1968 while researching bacteriophage DNA replication in E. coli.
It was named after its discoverers, Reiji Okazaki and his wife, Tsuneko Okazaki, who worked on bacteriophage DNA replication in E. coli in 1968.
Okazaki Fragments Citations
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Primary Consumers: Definition, Types, and Examples
Continue ReadingPrimary Consumers Definition
Any organism that eats or feeds on autotrophs is known as an autotroph. A food chain is a feeding hierarchy in which species in an ecosystem are classified into trophic (nutritional) levels and presented in a sequential order to depict the flow of food energy and their feeding connections. It is made up of several trophic levels.
A trophic level is a place or level in the food chain or ecological pyramid. It is inhabited by a collection of creatures that feed in a similar manner. There are three basic ways in which organisms get nutrition in a food chain.
Food is obtained from inorganic sources, organic stuff is fed, and dead organic materials or wastes are broken down.
Producers are those who are capable of acquiring food directly from inorganic sources (or autotrophs).
Consumers are those who feed on organic stuff (or heterotrophs).
Decomposers are organisms that break down dead organic material (or detritivores).
Consumers are creatures that feed on other organisms or organic materials to get nourishment. They lack the capacity to create their own food from non-organic sources, as farmers do.
Consumers in a food chain may be divided into three categories: main consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers.
Herbivores are the primary consumers. Producers are what they eat. Herbivores that eat green plants, for example, are termed main consumers.
Primary Consumers Citations
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Ground Tissue: Definition, Function, and Examples
Continue ReadingGround Tissue Definition
Any of a vascular plant’s non-dermal, non-vascular tissue.
What is Ground Tissue?
There are three fundamental types of specialised (differentiated) tissues in vascular plants: dermal tissues, vascular tissues, and ground tissues.
A ground tissue is a type of plant tissue that is not found in the dermal or vascular tissues. It is produced by the ground meristem. It fills in the plant’s soft components, such as the cortex, pith, pericycle, and so on.
A ground tissue is made up of three different types of cells: parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and collenchyma cells. The nature, shape, and composition of the cell walls are used to classify these cells.
The main walls of parenchyma cells are rather thin. Even when they reach adulthood, the majority of them are still living. In ground tissues, they are the most frequent kind of filler cell.
They can be found in the cortex and pith of stems. They occupy the cortical area in roots.
They also make up the leaf mesophyll. Parenchymatous cells can also be found in the endosperm of seeds and the pulp of fruits. The parenchyma cells provide a number of purposes. Photosynthesis, storage, and secretion are just a few of their primary activities.
Collenchyma cells have a thicker main cell wall than other cells. In contrast, sclerenchyma cells have a secondary cell wall.
Sclerenchyma cells deposit a secondary cell wall between their primary cell wall and plasma membrane in addition to the primary cell wall. When they reach maturity, their walls are lignified and they are dead.
The plant’s structure is supported by both collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells. Sclerenchyma cells, on the other hand, are the primary supporting cells in many plants.
Ground Tissue Citations
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Homozygous: Definition, Function, and Examples
Continue ReadingHomozygous Definition
(genetics) Of or relating to an individual (or a situation in a cell or organism) with two copies of the same allele for a certain characteristic located at comparable loci on paired chromosomes.
The word homozygous refers to individuals who have the same or identical alleles for a given characteristic at comparable loci on paired chromosomes (i.e. homologous chromosomes).
There are two sets of chromosomes in a diploid organism. One pair is inherited from the mother, while the other is inherited from the father.
Based on their locations, each maternal chromosome has a matching paternal chromosome. Homozygous means that the loci in the corresponding chromosomes have the identical alleles. It indicates that the alleles have the same characteristic coded for them.
A ‘homozygous’ organism is discovered to have either a pair of dominant alleles (e.g. AA) or a pair of recessive alleles for a particular trait (e.g. aa).
True breeding organisms are homozygous because they generate the same phenotypic outcome regardless of the characteristic in issue. The words homo and zygous come from the Greek homo (“same”) and zygous (“young”) (of a zygote)
Homozygous Citations
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Light Energy: Definition, Function, and Examples
Continue ReadingLight Energy Definition
It is a type of energy, which has an impact on the organism and have properties similar to wave and these photons are in the form of particle. The unit is joules for expressing the light energy. 400- 700 nm is the wavelength of light that is cannot be viewed with human eye and is called as visible range of the electromagnetic range.
This visible range has a role to play in the photosynthetic entities and the sense of visibility in in animals. An example when sunlight hits the earth, there are various electromagnetic spectrum lights present, but only the visible can viewed by the human and which carries the photosynthesis process.
Visible light takes up two wavelengths and they are blue and red which include both the chlorophyll. The ability of an organism to produce light is called as Bioluminescence.
Other types of energy are Luminous energy, Radiant energy and Electromagnetic energy.
Light Energy Citations
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Lock and Key Model: Definition, Function, and...
Continue ReadingLock and Key Model Definition
A paradigm for enzyme-substrate interaction suggests the enzyme and substrate have complimentary geometric forms that fit perfectly together. Enzymes have a high level of specificity. Before they may catalyse a chemical process, they must first attach to a particular substrate.
At the moment, two models are used to describe enzyme specificity:
(1) The lock and key model
(2) The induced fit model
The enzyme-substrate interaction in the lock-and-key paradigm implies that the enzyme and the substrate have complimentary geometric forms that fit perfectly together.
Only the right size and form of the substrate (the key) would fit into the active site (the key hole) of the enzyme, similar to a key into a lock (the lock).
According to the induced fit model proposed by Daniel Koshland in 1958, the active site changes until the substrate is entirely bonded to the enzyme’s active site, at which time the final shape and charge are established.
The induced fit model, in contrast to the lock-and-key paradigm, demonstrates that enzymes are very flexible structures.
Emil Fischer proposed the lock and key model hypothesis in 1894, which demonstrates the great specificity of enzymes. It does not, however, explain the enzymes’ ability to stabilise the transition state.
Lock and Key Model Citations
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Skeletal System: Definition, Function, and Examples
Continue ReadingSkeletal System Definition
The major role of the skeleton is to provide structural support and protection, and it is made up mostly of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.
An organ system (or simply a system) is a collection of organs that work together to achieve a certain purpose. The integumentary system, lymphatic system, muscular system, nervous system, reproductive system, urinary system, respiratory system, skeletal system, and immunological system are the organ systems in humans and other animals.
The skeletal system is a set of organs that act as the structure for an organism’s body. Other structures such as bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons are produced in the connective tissues.
The skeleton refers to all of an organism’s bones and cartilage. It might be either an exoskeleton or an endoskeleton. The skeletal structures of an endoskeleton are located within the body. An exoskeleton is a form of skeleton that exists outside of an organism’s body.
An endoskeleton is found in most animals. The skeleton in humans is of the endoskeleton type, with 206 bones. The smallest bones are located in the middle ear, whereas the femur is the biggest bone. Crabs, shrimp, insects, and a variety of other invertebrates have exoskeletons.
Skeletal System Citations
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Absorption: Definition, Mechanism, and Examples
Continue ReadingAbsorption Definition
Absorption refers to the act or process of keeping light energy without reflection or transmission after passing through a material, as in the absorption of light by atoms, in other related fields such as physics. Absorption in chemistry refers to the process by which one material permeates another, such as a liquid penetrating or being absorbed by a solid.
Absorption Etymology
The word absorption comes from the Latin word absorptio, which means “to absorb.”
What is Absorption?
Absorption or integrating things into cells or across tissues and organs via diffusion or osmosis, as in nutritional absorption by the digestive system or medication absorption by the bloodstream. In a broad sense, absorption refers to the act or process of absorbing or assimilating something.
Absorption refers to the process of absorbing or assimilating substances into the cell or across tissues and organs in biology. Diffusion or osmosis are used to accomplish this. Absorption via the skin, for example, is one method for chemicals to enter the body. The act of absorbing some hazardous chemicals via the skin (also known as dermal absorption) is one of the ways they might enter the body (others include inhalation and ingestion).
For some medicines, dermal absorption can be utilised as a route of delivery. The absorption of digested food, particularly via the intestinal wall, is another type of biological absorption (especially in the small intestine). By diffusion or active transport, the digested food in the small intestine travels past the walls of the small intestine and into the blood vessels.
Absorption Citations
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Genotypic Ratio: Definition, Types, and Examples
Continue ReadingGenotypic Ratio Definition
Pattern of genotype-based offspring distribution (i.e. the genetic makeup of an organism that determines its phenotype.)
After a test cross, the genotypic ratio represents the number of times a genotype appears in the progeny. For example, a heterozygous dominant trait test cross between two organisms with the same genotype, Rr, will produce offspring with the genotypes RR, Rr, and rr. The expected genotypic ratio in this case is 1:2:1.
Genotypic Ratio Citations
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Hybrid: Definition, Types, and Examples
Continue ReadingHybrid Definition
In general, a hybrid is something that has a mixed origin or makeup, or is made up of two or more separate things. A hybrid is the complex generated when two complementary strands of nucleic acids combine in molecular biology.
Reproductive Biology: The offspring of a cross between parents of different species or sub-species.
Molecular Biology: A nucleic acid complex produced by connecting two complementary strands.
What is Hybrid?
A hybrid is an offspring generated by crossing the parents of two distinct species or sub-species in reproductive biology. A mule is an example of a hybrid animal. A hybrid between a horse and a donkey produces the animal. Another animal hybrid is the liger, which is the offspring of a tiger and a lion. Hybridization is quite frequent in plants, and numerous plant hybrids are created naturally or by assisted breeding. Hybridization is one of the methods used in agriculture to create crop varieties with desired characteristics (such as increased disease resistance).
Hybrid Types
• The first generation of offspring produced by a cross between purebred parents is known as a single cross hybrid.
• Double cross hybrids are the progeny of a cross between two single cross hybrids.
• A three-way cross hybrid is the result of crossing a single cross hybrid with an inbred line.
• The child of crossing two distinct three-way cross hybrids is known as a triple cross hybrid.
• Population hybrids are offspring produced by crossing plants or animals from one population with those from another. For example, a hybrid of several races.
Hybrid Etymology
The word hybrid came from the Latin words hybrida and hibrida, which mean “crossbred animal.”
Hybrid Citations
- A hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial of an evidence-based exercise intervention for breast cancer survivors. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr . 2014 Nov;2014(50):338-45.
- A comprehensive two-hybrid analysis to explore the yeast protein interactome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 2001 Apr 10;98(8):4569-74.
- Hybrid speciation. Nature . 2007 Mar 15;446(7133):279-83.
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