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Top 20 Best FREE Plagiarism Checker Software...
What is Plagiarism? Plagiarism is the act of taking another person’s writing,…
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Intercalary Meristems: Definition, Functions, and Examples
What are Meristems? Plants’ fundamental structural basis is made up of several…
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Genetic Diversity: Definition, Types, and Examples
Genetic Diversity Definition Genetic diversity is defined as the sum of different…
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Cryopreservation: Description, Techniques, & Protocols
Continue ReadingAbout Cryopreservation
Serial sub-culturing is a time consuming and can lead to contamination or genetic drift as smaller and smaller portions of a population are selected.
However, a cell populations can be stabilized by subjecting them to cryogenic temperatures. Stabilizition of cells at cryogenic temperatures is called cryopreservation.
What is Cryopreservation?
Ice forms at different rates during the cooling process.
As ice forms, water is removed from the extracellular environment and an osmotic imbalance occurs across the cell membrane leading to loss of water from the cell.
The increase in solute concentration can be detrimental to cell survival.
Too much water retention inside the cell cause damage to the cells and thus reduce the cell viability due to ice crystal formation and recrystallization during warming can occur.
The rate of cooling has a dramatic effect on over all cryopreservation process.
Rapid cooling minimizes the solute concentration and thus affects the uniform ice formion, but leads to more intracellular ice.
On the other hand, slow cooling, results in a greater loss of water from the cell and less internal ice, but increases the solution effects.
A cooling rate of 1°C per minute is generally preferred. Cryoprotective additives or chemicals, for example dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and glycerol can protect the cells during freezing and minimize the detrimental effects of increased solute concentration and ice crystal formation.
Cryopreservation media generally consists of a base medium, cryopreservative and a protein source.
The cryopreservative and protein protect the cells from the stress of the freeze-thaw process.
Additionally, it maintains frozen cells at the proper storage temperature and using an appropriate warming rate will minimize damage to frozen cells.
Adopted from BioRender
Cryopreservation Requirements
Sterile:
1. Culture to be frozen
2. If monolayer: PBS and 0.25% trypsin (for adherent cells)
3. Growth medium with serum (If serum is being used with serum-free cultures, it should be washed off after thawing)
4. Cryoprotectant DMSO or glycerol, (free of impurities)
5. Pipette
6. Cryovials (1.0 ml), prelabeled with the cell line designation and the date of freezing
Non sterile:
7. Hemocytometer
8. Insulated container for freezing (Ice box)
9. Protective gloves, nitrile
Cryopreservation Procedure
1. Before cryopreservation, cells should be characterized and checked for contamination.
2. Check visually and on microscope for healthy appearance, morphological characteristics.
3. Grow the culture up to the late log phase and if cells are as a monolayer, trypsinize and count the cells.
If suspension is used count, centrifuge the cells and resuspend at 2 × 10^6–2 × 10^7 cells/ml.
4. Constitute the freezing media by adding 90% serum and 10% v/v DMSO.
5. Dilute the cell suspension in ratio of 1:1 with freezing medium to give approximately 1 × 10^6 –1 × 10^7 cells/ml
6. Dispense the cell suspensions into pre-labeled cryovials.
7. Allow slow freezing by keeping vials at 4 °C followed by -20 °C and finally stored at – 80 °C (storage in liquid nitrogen is preferable).
8. When the vials are safely located in the freezer, complete the appropriate entries in the freezer index.
Cryopreservation Precaution
Cells harvested for cryopreservation should be at their optimum viability to ensure maximum survival during freezing and after thawing.
This is especially relevant when the method of cryopreservation reduces the number of viable cells and increases the chances of selecting freeze-tolerant populations that may have different characteristics from the original population.
DMSO is toxic if left in contact with cells for more than a short period of time. Once the cells have been prepared for freezing, they should be ampuled and frozen as soon as possible.
DMSO can penetrate many synthetic and natural membranes, including skin.
Hence, DMSO should always be handled with caution, particularly in the presence of any toxic substances.
Cryopreservation Citations:
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Top 20 Best Data Analysis Software Tools...
Continue ReadingWhat is Data Analysis Tool?
Data analysis tools are software and programs that collect and analyze data about a business, its customers, and its competition in order to improve processes and help uncover insights to make data-driven decisions.
20 Best Data Analysis Software Tools for 2022
(1) Sequentum Enterprise
Sequentum provides complete control for web data extraction, document management and intelligent process automation (IPA). Our end-to-end platform provides the flexibility to be used in-house or you can outsource your web data extraction needs to our experienced Managed Data Services group. Our tools create software configuration files that define exactly what data to extract, quality control monitors, and output specifications to any format or endpoint.
(2) Datapine Data Analytics Tool
If you have multiple databases, data saved in external applications or an indefinite number of spreadsheets, you’ve come to the right place. Our goal is to make it as convenient as possible for you to combine and understand all your data in one single source of truth.
(3) Looker Data Analytics Tool
Looker is a business intelligence software and big data analytics platform that helps you explore, analyze and share real-time business analytics easily.
(4) KNIME Analytics Platform
KNIME Analytics Platform is the open source software for creating data science. Intuitive, open, and continuously integrating new developments, KNIME makes understanding data and designing data science workflows and reusable components accessible to everyone.
(5) Lexalytics Data Analytics
The Lexalytics Intelligence Platform is a modular business intelligence solution focused on solving text data’s specific challenges. Data analytics companies and data analyst teams use our platform to gain the richest possible insights from complex text documents.
(6) SAS Forecasting Analytics Tool
Manage your organizational planning challenges by generating forecasts on an enterprise scale – quickly, automatically and as accurately as you can reasonably expect, given the nature of the behavior being forecast. The software delivers results for millions of forecasts at breakthrough speeds, enabling you to plan more efficiently and effectively for the future.
(7) RapidMiner Data Analytics Tool
RapidMiner’s data science platform delivers transformational business impact for over 40,000+ organizations in every industry to drive revenue, reduce costs, and avoid risks.
(8) OpenRefine Data Analytics Tool
OpenRefine always keeps your data private on your own computer until YOU want to share or collaborate. Your private data never leaves your computer unless you want it to. (It works by running a small server on your computer and you use your web browser to interact with it)
(9) Talend Data Analytics Tool
Maintain healthy data across all your on-premises and cloud systems. Talend brings it all together with support for virtually any cloud data warehouse and all major public cloud infrastructure providers.
(10) NodeXL Data Analytics Tool
NodeXL Pro gives data-driven marketers access to powerful social media analysis features including influencer identification, brand evaluation, social listening, content analysis, ideation, lead harvesting, competitor social and campaign analysis, automation, white-labeling, and more!
(11) Alteryx: Self-Service Analytics, Data Science
The Alteryx Analytic Process Automation (APA) Platform™ accelerates data-driven business outcomes across lines of business in any industry. Develop faster results, deeper insights, better decisions, and ultimately, a cultural shift where anyone can drive business outcomes through self-service analytics and data science.
(12) AnswerRocket Data Analytics Tool
Automate routine analysis with RocketBots, specialized applications that leverage AI and machine learning to execute analytics workflows, produce decks, and compose data stories. RocketBots can run on demand, on a set schedule, or whenever there’s new data available.
(13) Arcadia Data Data Analytics Tool
Arcadia Data is the first AI-driven analytics and BI platform built for the cloud and data lakes. Our in-data-lake BI architecture gives you faster, deepest insights from modern data platforms like cloud object stores, Apache Kafka, and Apache Hadoop.
(14) Birst Data Analytics Tool
Infor industry analytics deliver relevant and meaningful insights for everybody from the boardroom to the shop floor. Infor Birst® makes business intelligence and analytics easy to consume with pre-built industry and role-specific content and metrics embedded wherever business users need information. Improve decision-making with Birst.
(15) BOARD Data Analytics Tool
Self-service Analytics, Planning, Forecasting, and Predictive Analytics. All of Board’s functionality is completely unified and shares the same metrics, data, and view of customers, products, and markets. It is a unique Decision-Making Platform that helps you achieve your goals and make a difference to your business.
(16) Chartio Data Analytics Tool
For over a decade, we have loved serving tens of millions of charts on millions of dashboards for thousands of incredible companies. All of you have helped us create a product that truly enables anyone in a company, not just data teams, to explore and understand their data.
(17) Domo
Build a modern business, driven by data. Connect to any data source to bring your data together into one unified view, then make analytics available to drive insight-based actions—all while maintaining security and control.
(18) Hitachi Vantara
We know what it means to be data-driven. We were born industrial and we breathe digital, so data is in our DNA. That’s how we help mission-critical organizations use data to get from Now to Next – going from data-rich to data-driven.
(19) IBM Data Analytics Tool
This integrated data and AI platform unifies data management, DataOps, business analytics and automates AI across multicloud environments such as AWS, Azure, IBM Cloud and private cloud.
(20) Microsoft Data Analytics Tool
Create a data-driven culture with business intelligence for all Enable everyone at every level of your organization to make confident decisions using up-to-the-minute analytics.
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Biceps Femoris: Functions, Location, and Structure
Continue ReadingBiceps Femoris Definition
The muscle found at the back of the thigh is called the biceps which belongs to the hamstrings muscle group. The biceps muscle is found in two parts and is a spindle-shaped muscle. It consists of two heads, the long head, and the short head.
The sites of origins of both heads are different which are innervated by different nerves. But, the heads are inserted at the same location and joined together.
The biceps femoris helps in the movement of hip joints and controlling the knee. Commonly, it gets injured in high-intensity sports.
Anatomy of Biceps Femoris
At the posterior to the short head, the long head of the muscle lies thus, we can only see the long head on looking at the thigh from behind. Although, a short head can be observed peeking out from underneath.
On the outer side of the leg, the muscle is the closest and it is the most lateral of the muscles in the back of the thigh.
Image Credit: https://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/
There are two different divisions of the sciatic nerve that innervate in muscle. The divisions are the common fibular division or the common peroneal nerve, and the tibial division.
The common fibular division innervates the long head of the biceps femoris, whereas the tibial division innervates the short head.
1. The Long Head
The long head is originated from the upper and medial part of the back of the ischial tuberosity of the pelvis. The ‘butt bone’ is the origin of the long head. The parts of the hamstring muscles are formed by the long head.
Along with the hamstring muscle, the long head also forms parts of two other muscles, named the semimembranosus and semimembranosus muscles. The long head of the biceps muscle is the strongest muscle of the hamstring group.
2. The Short Head
The short head of the biceps femoris has originated from the linea aspera and the supracondylar ridge of the femur. The ridge is located around the middle of the femur towards the knee.
Therefore, as compared to the long head the short head starts significantly lower down the leg. Unlike the long head, the ischial tuberosity is not the origin of the short head, thus it is not considered part of the hamstring.
As criteria are made that a muscle arising from the ischial tuberosity is classified as one of the hamstring muscles. Interestingly, the short head is altogether absent in humans also is show some anatomical variations.
3. Insertion
A tendon called the biceps femoris tendon is formed by the long head and short head by coming together at the distal thigh. This tendon inserts onto the lateral side of the head of the fibula and the lateral condyle of the tibia. Thus, on the outer side of the leg and the upper and outer surface of the shin bone, the two heads connect to the calf bone near where it meets the kneecap.
Functions of the Biceps Femoris
The biceps femoris provide movement and stability of the joints by acting on both the knee and hip. The long head acts on both head and knee but the short head only acts on the knee.
The actions are influenced by the short head and the long head, which the muscles take in different ways. The long head of the biceps femoris influence some actions such as the bending or the flexion of the knee, lateral rotation of the tibia, and extension of the hip joint such as stretching the leg backward.
The short head influences actions including lateral rotation of the tibia, flexion of the knee (bending of the knee).
Biceps Femoris- Associated Pain and Injury
The muscles of the biceps femoris are most commonly injured in the posterior thigh. This is due to the innervation of the long and short heads by different nerve branches. It is believed that sometimes, the muscles behave ‘out of sync’ and make them more vulnerable to injury.
Typically, during high-intensity exercise, the muscles get injured. Particularly during hip extension, such as when the leg is stretched out behind the body. The activities such as sprinting, American football, rugby, and hockey are associated with these injuries.
Usually, the force on the muscle causes these strains. The fibers will tear if the muscle is not strong enough to withstand the forces acting upon it and can cause intense, sharp pain at the back of the thigh.
The movement can also be impacted by these strains and cause pain in the knee and hip. These injuries can be prevented by carrying strength conditioning and stretching exercises.
The flexibility and range of movement of the joint will be improved by these exercises and it also allows the muscles to withstand increased force during exertion.
Treatment of Biceps Femoris Strains
The treatment of the biceps femoris includes reducing the inflammation and resting the muscle to allow it to heal and the thigh should be iced and rested. The use of anti-inflammatories helps in pain and swelling. Surgery may be required in some cases when the tendons have snapped or are severely torn.
Biceps Femoris Citations
Biceps Femoris – Long Head: https://rad.washington.edu/muscle-atlas/biceps-femoris-long-head/
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Urinary Bladder: Functions, Location, and Structure
Continue ReadingUrinary Bladder Definition
An organ present in the urinary tracts of several animal species is called the urinary bladder. The urine is stored in the urinary bladder before urination. The urine is produced and delivered by the kidneys through two ureters. The urinary bladder in humans is capable to hold up to four cups of urine in its hollow, muscular structure.
Overview of Urinary Bladder
The structure of the bladder is composed of a broad fundus, body, apex, and neck. There are three openings in the human bladder, each of them is covered by a mucosal flap.
The flab prevents urine from flowing back into the ureters. The bladder differs its anatomical position between men and women.
Image Credit: https://training.seer.cancer.gov/
The urinary bladder in men is found in front of the rectum, whereas the position of the bladder in women is in front of the uterus. The bladder wall can stretch from 5 mm to 3 mm due to rugae or folds covering the inner walls.
The kidneys can continue filtering the blood due to the holding capacity of the bladder. When an organism cannot urine, the bladders store the urine. For example, during sleep, extra urine is stored in the bladder, which allows an organism to rest without urinating.
Urinary Bladder Function
The major function of the urinary bladder includes storing and collecting urine from the kidneys. They store urine, until its excretion via urination. An average of 300mL to 500mL of urine can be stored in a typical human bladder.
Due to the flattening of the rugae folds, the urinary bladder has high elasticity and can accommodate an increased volume of liquid. However, urination is not controlled by the bladder, but the pontine micturition center in the brain controls it.
Diseases of the Urinary Bladder
There are several diseases of the urinary bladder. Frequent urination, pain, irritation, and incomplete emptying are some common symptoms of bladder diseases. Occasionally, the urinary bladder can be affected by diseases of other tissues or organs.
For example, frequent urination can be caused by an enlarged prostate. Some most common pathologies of the urinary bladder are as follows:
1. Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer occurs commonly in the epithelial lining of the bladder. Approximately 90% of all bladder cancers are carcinomas. The common causes of bladder cancer include infection, cigarette smoke exposure, and medications.
2. Urinary Tract Infection
A major public health concern can be posed by urinary tract infections, which can be severe. Some bacterial infections in the bladder are the major cause of these infections. The bacteria traveling up the urethra and into the bladder may cause infections.
UTIs can be very dangerous when left untreated because the infection can increase and infect the bladder and kidneys.
Burning sensation during urination, frequent urge to urinate, despite little urine being released, foul-smelling urine are some common symptoms of UTIs.
3. Bladder Stones
Hard deposits found in the bladder are called bladder stones. The stones are composed of minerals and caused by highly concentrated urine resides in the bladder, dehydration.
The size of the stone can vary and typically it is asymptomatic. Pain, blood in the urine, and irritation are the common symptoms of bladder stones. Typically, the bladder stone can be identified by using ultrasound, X-rays, and CT scans.
4. Neurogenic Bladder
It is a type of brain disorder, due to which, an organism’s ability of urination impacts. Urination is typically aided with a catheter because the peripheral nerves involved in urination are affected. Patients suffering from neurogenic disorder use intermittent catheterization to empty their bladder several times a day.
5. Bladder Exstrophy
Bladder exstrophy is a congenital abnormality. It involves the protrusion of the bladder, which is a rare condition. Generally, the condition arises due to abnormal development of the pelvic floor and other muscles. In women, it causes the development of genitals.
6. Bladder Sphincter Dyssynergia
The condition in which the urethral sphincter cannot be relaxed in coordination with bladder contraction is referred to as bladder sphincter dyssynergia. The common causes for this disease include injury or disorder in the central nervous system. In this disorder, patients have a history of bladder infections and they also frequently feel urine retention.
7. Paruresis
A phobia in which a person cannot urinate due to the presence or perceived presence of others is called paruresis. A sympathetic nervous system response causes this disease by tightening the sphincters in the bladder in response to adrenaline and finally preventing urination. Psychological therapy is required to treat this disease.
8. Trigonitis
The condition that involves inflammation of the trigone region of the bladder is called trigonitis. In response to stretching, the trigone, which is a smooth triangular-shaped region, signals the need for urination. When the region is inflamed, it causes an urgent need for urination, pain in the pelvic region, and pain during urinating. The most common cause of trigonitis is bladder infections, but it can be caused due to several causes.
9. Interstitial Cystitis
Chronic bladder pain is defined as a condition of interstitial cystitis. However, damage in the epithelial lining of the bladder is seen in patients, but the specific causes of interstitial cystitis are unknown. The symptoms include an urgent need to urinate, pain, and frequent urination. Typically, a negative urine culture is used for diagnosis because the symptoms are highly similar to urinary tract infection.
10. Urinary Retention
A condition in which an individual becomes unable to completely empty the bladder is called urinary retention. Poor pressure when urinating, straining to urinate, the sensation of a full bladder are some common symptoms of this disease. If the disease cannot be treated, it causes a ruptured bladder, thus it is considered to be an emergency. The cause is several and it can be treated by catheterization, surgery is required in some cases.
Urinary Bladder Citations
Urinary Bladder: https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/urinary/components/bladder.html
Picture of the Bladder: https://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/picture-of-the-bladder
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Animal Cells: Labelled Diagram, Definitions, and Structure
Continue ReadingWhat is a Cell?
In biology, cell is the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body. A cell has three main parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm.
What is Animal Cell?
Animals are made of eukaryotic cells having nucleus, cellular organelles, and are surrounded by a cell membrane or plasma membrane.
What is Plant Cell?
Plant cell are the basic unit of all plants. Plant cells, like animal cells, are eukaryotic, meaning they have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
Animal Cells Diagram
Animal Cells Organelles and Functions
Cell Organelles Functions Cell Membrane A double layer that supports and protects the cell. Allows materials in and out. Nucleus The control center of the cell. Nucleus contains majority of cell’s the DNA Mitochondria Popularly known as the “Powerhouse”. Breaks down food to produce energy in the form of ATP. Golgi Body Processes and packages materials for the cell. Lysosome Contains digestive enzymes that destroy damaged organelles and invaders. Rough E.R. Builds and transports substances through the cell. Has ribosomes on it. Smooth E.R. Builds and transports substances through the cell. Does not have ribosomes. Cytoplasm Jelly-like fluid that surrounds and protects the organelles. Ribosome Helps make protein for the cell. Vacuole Stores food and water. Nucleolus A round structure in the nucleus that makes ribosomes. Nuclear Membrane Surrounds the nucleus. Plant Cells Diagram
Plant Cells Organelles and Functions
Cell Organelles Functions Cell Wall Gives shape and protection to plant cells. Chloroplast Changes sunlight into sugar for plant cells. Contains a green pigment called chlorophyll. Cell Membrane A double layer that supports and protects the cell. Allows materials in and out. Nucleus The control center of the cell. Nucleus contains majority of cell’s the DNA Mitochondria Popularly known as the “Powerhouse”. Breaks down food to produce energy in the form of ATP. Golgi Body Processes and packages materials for the cell. Lysosome Contains digestive enzymes that destroy damaged organelles and invaders. Rough E.R. Builds and transports substances through the cell. Has ribosomes on it. Smooth E.R. Builds and transports substances through the cell. Does not have ribosomes. Cytoplasm Jelly-like fluid that surrounds and protects the organelles. Ribosome Helps make protein for the cell. Vacuole Stores food and water. Nucleolus A round structure in the nucleus that makes ribosomes. Nuclear Membrane Surrounds the nucleus. Animals Cells Vs Plant Cells
Plant and animal cells have several differences such as plant cells have a cell wall or chloroplasts, but animal cells do not have either. Plant cells are fixed, rectangular in shapes, but animal cells are mostly round and irregular in shape.
On the other hand, plant and animal cells are both eukaryotic cells, so they have several features in common, such as the presence of a cell membrane, and cell organelles, like the nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.
Cell Organelles Plant Cells Animal Cells Cell wall Present (made up of cellulose) Absent Shape Rectangular (fixed shape) Round (irregular shape) Vacuole One, large central vacuole taking up to 90% of cell volume. One or more small vacuoles (much smaller than plant cells). Centrioles Only present in lower plant forms (e.g. chlamydomonas) Present in all animal cells Chloroplast Plant cells have chloroplasts to synthesize their own food. Absent Plasma Membrane Cell wall and a cell membrane Only cell membrane Flagella Present in some cells (e.g. sperm of bryophytes and pteridophytes, cycads and Ginkgo) Present in some cells ( e.g. mammalian sperm cells) Cilia Most plant cells do not contain cilia. Present Lysosomes Lysosomes usually not evident. Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm. Cytoplasm Present Present Ribosomes Present Present Mitochondria Present Present Plastids Present Absent Endoplasmic Reticulum Present Present Peroxisomes Present Golgi Apparatus Present Present Microtubules/ Microfilaments Present Present Nucleus Present Present Cilia and Flagella
Some eukaryotic cells either have cilia or flagella. Cilia are small, wiggling arm-like structures, whereas flagella are like a tail.
Both structures are made of long protein fibers called microtubules, with a structure where nine microtubules form a ring around two central microtubules.
Cell Membrane
The cell membrane encloses the cell’s contents. It monitors what comes in, and what goes out. It has a characteristic called semi permeability, meaning it can “choose” what molecules can come in and out of the cell.
Cytoplasm / Cytoskeleton / Centrosomes
There are water and nutrients within the cell. The cytoskeleton is a collection of protein strands that reinforce the cell.
Centrosomes are a part of this reinforcement. They assemble long microtubules out of proteins. The cytoplasm provides the infrastructure that is necessary for cells to thrive and for the organelles to do their jobs within the cell.
The nucleus of the cell has its own type of cytoplasm, called the nucleoplasm.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum(s) are organelles that create a network of membranes that transport substances around the cell.
They have phospholipid bilayers. There are two types of ER: the rough ER, and the smooth ER. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is rough because it has ribosomes (which is explained below) attached to it. It helps in the synthesis and packaging of proteins.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum doesn’t have ribosomes attached. It contains enzymes that help with the creation of important lipids. It has a role in the process of cell detoxification or removal of waste materials. The smooth ER adds a carboxyl group to noxious substances, making them soluble in water.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes create proteins. They can float freely in the cytoplasm or can be attached to the nuclear envelope. They create proteins by assembling amino acids into polypeptides.
As the ribosomes build an amino acid chain, the chain is pushed into the endoplasmic reticulum. When the protein chain is complete, the endoplasmic reticulum pinches it off and sends it to the Golgi apparatus.
Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi apparatus focuses on protein processing and packaging. Golgi bodies are the Golgi apparatus’s layers. Golgi bodies cut up large proteins into smaller hormones.
They can combine proteins with carbohydrates to make various molecules. They then package these products into sacs like structure popularly known as called vesicles, which ship the products of the Golgi body to other parts of the cell, and outside the cell as well.
Lysosomes
Lysosomes are enzyme sacs that break down cellular waste – they process cell digestion. They can take substances from outside of the cell and cellular waste and turn them into simple compounds.
The compounds are then transferred into the cytoplasm where they can be used as a cell building material.
Nucleus
The nucleus is a highly specialized organelle that lives in its own double membrane with the nucleolus. The nucleus stores the cell’s DNA and holds all the information the cell needs to do its job.
Chromatin is a web-like substance that holds the nucleus’s DNA. Chromatin gathers into rod-shaped chromosomes that hold DNA molecules when the cell is ready to split during cell division.
The nucleolus lives inside the nucleus and is the only organelle that is not enveloped by its own membrane. It makes ribosomal RNA, rRNA, which is important during protein synthesis.
Ribosomal RNA or rRNA combines with proteins to form the basic units of ribosomes. When the units are done, the nucleus spits them out of the nuclear envelope, where they are assembled into ribosomes.
The nucleus sends orders in the form of messenger RNA, or mRNA. The messages are sent to ribosomes, which carry out the orders in the rest of the cell.
Mitochondria
The mitochondria is the “power house” of the cell. This is where cellular respiration takes place. During this, energy is derived and converted into ATP from fats, carbohydrates, and other biomolecules.
Mitochondria almost act as independent cellular organelle and have their own DNA, know as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) which is an exact replication of the mother’s DNA.
Animal Cells Citations
- Relationships between the central spindle and the contractile ring during cytokinesis in animal cells. Microsc Res Tech . 2000 Apr 15;49(2):202-8.
- Establishment of the mechanism of cytokinesis in animal cells. Int Rev Cytol . 1986;105:245-81.
- Cytokinesis in plant and animal cells: endosomes ‘shut the door’. Dev Biol . 2006 Jun 1;294(1):1-10.
- Cytokinesis in animal cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol . 2015 Feb 13;7(4):a015834.
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15 Most Popular Machine Learning Software Tools...
Continue Reading15 Most Popular Machine Learning Software Tools In 2022
With the help of machine learning systems, we can examine data, learn from that data and make decisions. Machine learning involves algorithms and Machine learning library is a bundle of algorithms.
List of 15 Most Popular Machine Learning Software Tools In 2022
(1) Scikit-learn
Scikit-learn is an open source machine learning library that supports supervised and unsupervised learning. It also provides various tools for model fitting, data preprocessing, model selection, model evaluation, and many other utilities.
(2) PyTorch
With TorchScript, PyTorch provides ease-of-use and flexibility in eager mode, while seamlessly transitioning to graph mode for speed, optimization, and functionality in C++ runtime environments.
(3) TensorFlow
TensorFlow is an end-to-end open source platform for machine learning. It has a comprehensive, flexible ecosystem of tools, libraries and community resources that lets researchers push the state-of-the-art in ML and developers easily build and deploy ML powered applications.
(4) Weka 3: Machine Learning Software in Java
Weka is a collection of machine learning algorithms for data mining tasks. It contains tools for data preparation, classification, regression, clustering, association rules mining, and visualization. Found only on the islands of New Zealand, the Weka is a flightless bird with an inquisitive nature.
(5) KNIME
At KNIME, we build software to create and productionize data science using one easy and intuitive environment, enabling every stakeholder in the data science process to focus on what they do best.
(6) Colab
Summary of PhD Program: Whether you’re a student, a data scientist or an AI researcher, Colab can make your work easier. The document you are reading is not a static web page, but an interactive environment called a Colab notebook that lets you write and execute code.
(7) Apache Mahout
Apache Mahout is a project of the Apache Software Foundation to produce free implementations of distributed or otherwise scalable machine learning algorithms focused primarily on linear algebra.
(8) Accord.Net
The Accord.NET Framework is a .NET machine learning framework combined with audio and image processing libraries completely written in C#. It is a complete framework for building production-grade computer vision, computer audition, signal processing and statistics applications even for commercial use. A comprehensive set of sample applications provide a fast start to get up and running quickly, and an extensive documentation and wiki helps fill in the details.
(9) Shogun Machine Learning
Shogun is a free, open-source machine learning software library written in C++. It offers numerous algorithms and data structures for machine learning problems.
(10) Keras.io
Keras is an API designed for human beings, not machines. Keras follows best practices for reducing cognitive load: it offers consistent & simple APIs, it minimizes the number of user actions required for common use cases, and it provides clear & actionable error messages. It also has extensive documentation and developer guides.
(11) Rapid Miner
RapidMiner’s data science platform delivers transformational business impact for over 40,000+ organizations in every industry to drive revenue, reduce costs, and avoid risks.
(12) Amazon Machine Learning (AML)
Make accurate predictions, get deeper insights from your data, reduce operational overhead, and improve customer experience with AWS machine learning (ML). AWS helps you at every stage of your ML adoption journey with the most comprehensive set of artificial intelligence (AI) and ML services, infrastructure, and implementation resources.
(13) Oryx 2
Oryx 2 is a realization of the lambda architecture built on Apache Spark and Apache Kafka, but with specialization for real-time large scale machine learning. It is a framework for building applications, but also includes packaged, end-to-end applications for collaborative filtering, classification, regression and clustering.
(14) Apache Spark MLlib
MLlib fits into Spark’s APIs and interoperates with NumPy in Python (as of Spark 0.9) and R libraries (as of Spark 1.5). You can use any Hadoop data source (e.g. HDFS, HBase, or local files), making it easy to plug into Hadoop workflows.
(15) Core ML Machine Learning Algorithm
Core ML applies a machine learning algorithm to a set of training data to create a model. You use a model to make predictions based on new input data. Models can accomplish a wide variety of tasks that would be difficult or impractical to write in code. For example, you can train a model to categorize photos, or detect specific objects within a photo directly from its pixels.
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15 Best Free Bioinformatics Tools for Genomic...
Continue Reading15 Best Free Bioinformatics Tools for Genomic Testing 2022
Popular applications for bioinformatics are best for sequence analysis and curations. The best solutions in the field have key inbuilt computational and big data analysis tools for genome sequencing. Let us have a look at what else these applications are comprised of in the following list.
List of 15 Best Free Bioinformatics Tools for Genomic Testing 2022
(1) geWorkbench
Summary of PhD Program: geWorkbench is an open-source bioinformatics platform that offers a comprehensive and extensible collection of tools for the management, analysis, visualization, and annotation of biomedical data. Many kinds of analysis are supported. For microarrays, there are tools for filtering and normalization, basic statistical analyses, clustering, network reverse engineering, as well as many common visualization tools.
(2) BioPerl
BioPerl is a collection of Perl modules that facilitate the development of Perl scripts for bioinformatics applications. It has played an integral role in the Human Genome Project.
(3) Unipro UGENE - Integrated Bioinformatics Tools
UGENE is free open-source cross-platform bioinformatics software It works perfectly on Windows, macOS and Linux and requires only a few clicks to install.
(4) BioJava
BioJava will run on any computer with a Java virtual machine complying to the Java specifications. Java implementations for Linux, Windows, and Solaris are available to download from Oracle’s java website. Recent versions of MacOS X include a suitable Java implementation as standard. Java is also available on many other platforms: if in doubt, contact your vendor. BioJava binaries are distributed in .jar (Java ARchive) format.
(5) Biopython
Biopython is a set of freely available tools for biological computation written in Python by an international team of developers. It is a distributed collaborative effort to develop Python libraries and applications which address the needs of current and future work in bioinformatics. The source code is made available under the Biopython License, which is extremely liberal and compatible with almost every license in the world.
(6) InterMine
InterMine integrates heterogenous data sources, making it easy to query and analyse data. InterMine’s tables allow you to easily drill down into data. It’s easy to filter data, add additional columns, navigate to report pages.
(7) Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV)
The Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) is a high-performance, easy-to-use, interactive tool for the visual exploration of genomic data. It supports flexible integration of all the common types of genomic data and metadata, investigator-generated or publicly available, loaded from local or cloud sources.
(8) GROMACS
GROMACS is a versatile package to perform molecular dynamics, i.e. simulate the Newtonian equations of motion for systems with hundreds to millions of particles. It is primarily designed for biochemical molecules like proteins, lipids and nucleic acids that have a lot of complicated bonded interactions, but since GROMACS is extremely fast at calculating the nonbonded interactions (that usually dominate simulations) many groups are also using it for research on non-biological systems, e.g. polymers.
(9) Taverna Workbench Bioinformatics 2.5
Taverna Workbench Bioinformatics is an edition of Taverna Workbench that includes support for building and executing bioinformatics workflows using bioinformatics data and analytical services such as BioMart and BioMoby.
(10) EMBOSS
EMBOSS is “The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite”. EMBOSS is a free Open Source software analysis package specially developed for the needs of the molecular biology (e.g. EMBnet) user community. The software automatically copes with data in a variety of formats and even allows transparent retrieval of sequence data from the web. Also, as extensive libraries are provided with the package, it is a platform to allow other scientists to develop and release software in true open source spirit. EMBOSS also integrates a range of currently available packages and tools for sequence analysis into a seamless whole. EMBOSS breaks the historical trend towards commercial software packages.
(11) Clustal Omega
Clustal Omega is the latest addition to the Clustal family. It offers a significant increase in scalability over previous versions, allowing hundreds of thousands of sequences to be aligned in only a few hours. It will also make use of multiple processors, where present. In addition, the quality of alignments is superior to previous versions, as measured by a range of popular benchmarks.
(12) BLAST
The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) finds regions of local similarity between sequences. The program compares nucleotide or protein sequences to sequence databases and calculates the statistical significance of matches. BLAST can be used to infer functional and evolutionary relationships between sequences as well as help identify members of gene families.
(13) bedtools
Collectively, the bedtools utilities are a swiss-army knife of tools for a wide-range of genomics analysis tasks. The most widely-used tools enable genome arithmetic: that is, set theory on the genome. For example, bedtools allows one to intersect, merge, count, complement, and shuffle genomic intervals from multiple files in widely-used genomic file formats such as BAM, BED, GFF/GTF, VCF. While each individual tool is designed to do a relatively simple task (e.g., intersect two interval files), quite sophisticated analyses can be conducted by combining multiple bedtools operations on the UNIX command line.
(14) Bioclipse Open Source Bioinformatics Tool
Bioclipse is a rich client, which means it is a downloadable application that run on your local computer but also gives the possibility to communicate with servers for data retrieval and computational services. The powerful plugin architecture is based on Eclipse, and results in a responsive, integrated user interface designed for simple and intuitive operations that at the same time is easy to extend with custom functionality.
(15) Bioconductor
The mission of the Bioconductor project is to develop, support, and disseminate free open source software that facilitates rigorous and reproducible analysis of data from current and emerging biological assays. We are dedicated to building a diverse, collaborative, and welcoming community of developers and data scientists.
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