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Autosomes: Definition, Facts, and Example I Research...
Continue ReadingAbout Autosomes
We all know our body is made up of types of chromosomes, one is autosomes and the other is allosomes or most commonly known as sex chromosomes.
Autosomes are commonly known as somatic or body chromosomes which does not have any practice in taking the memory to the next generation.
Whereas allosomes play an important role in taking the inheritance from present to future generations.
What are Autosomes
The autosomal members always pair in a diploid cell which often has the similar morphological features.
The DNA which is present in the autosomes are generally known as atDNA or auDNA.
Considering an example in human who have 22 pairs of chromosomes in their diploid genome and 1 pair of allosome, and total of 46 chromosomes which are 23 in pairs.
The autosomes are named as 1, 2, 3, 22 pair they are karyotyped according to their size and the base pairs present in them.
The change in chemical or physical form of the chromosomes leads to many syndromes and diseases, but it is not carried through generations.
But by research it has also be found that autosomes contain sex determination gene, which is also capable of deciding the characters of an individual by forming their outer appearance and male characters in male and feminine characters in female.
Taking an example of SRY gene, Y chromosome encodes a transcription factor which is known as TDF which is very important for the sex determination in males during their development.
TDF activates the SOX9 which is present on the chromosome 17 and this effect causes mutation in that particular gene and causes the Y chromosome to develop into a female.
Thus, it is also proven that autosomes also play an important role in determining the sex of an individual.
All the members of a species of a plant or the animal are characterized by a set of chromosomes which have certain constant characteristics.
These characteristics include the number of Karyotyping helps in identifying the size, position of centromere length of the arm, secondary constrictions and satellites.
This technique is used to find the characteristic of the chromosomes in a particular group.
A diagrammatic representation of this particular set of chromosomes to understand its morphological characteristics is referred to as idiogram.
This technique also has an advantage, which helps in sorting out the missing pair of chromosomes or any abnormalities found.
It is important to know about the structure and morphology of chromosomes before discussing about their abnormalities
Chromosomes Morphology
Size: The chromosome size is generally measured during the phases of metaphase in mitotic cell division.
Usually, it measures 0.25µm in birds and fungi, 30µm in certain plants like Trillium and 8 to 12µm in maize, 3µm in drosophila and 5µm in humans.
While the organisms which are having lesser number of chromosomes, have their chromosomes with larger size than the one which is containing higher number of chromosomes.
Where the dicotyledons contains smaller chromosomes comparing with that of monocotyledons.
The animals contain smaller chromosomes on comparing with plants.
The chromosomes are also named depending upon their structure and on which organism it is present as lamp brush chromosomes which is present in few vertebrates and polytene and oocyte chromosomes which are found in certain insects.
Shape: The chromosomes change its shape at different phases during their cell division process.
Where as in the interchange phase the chromosomes look like a thin coiled thread like structures, and on passing to the metaphase and anaphase they become thick and filamented.
These chromosomes also have a centromere (often referred to as clear zone), and kinetochore which forms the length of the chromosome.
The two arms arise from the centromere and they are generally called as chromosomal arms.
However, the position varies accordingly, which results in various shape of the chromosomes as telocentric (centromere is situated at the proximal end), acrocentric (centromere at one end forming long and short arm which form a rod like appearance), metacentric (V- shaped chromosome, where centromere is at the centre), sub-metacentric (j shaped or L-shape where centromere is towards the median position).
Chromosome Structure
Chromosomes are generally the thread like structures present in the nucleus of the cell containing proteins along with one molecule of Deoxy ribo nucleic acid in each chromosome.
The structure of chromosomes also varies accordingly depending upon their structures, where as in metaphase two chromosomes consists of a symmetrical structure which is known as chromatids.
During some stages of interphase a bead like structures are found in the chromatin material which is known as chromomeres.
In some cases, the chromosomes contain a knob like structures which are referred to as satellites, along with all these; chromosomes generally have the primary and secondary constrictions, nuclear organisers, centromere, kinetochore and telomeres which make up the perfect chromosomal structure.
Autosome Chromosomal Abnormalities
The autosomal genetic disorders occur due to different causes; the most common thing often occurs is non-disjunction of chromosomes in the parental germ cells.
Autosomal genetic disorders which exhibit the characteristics of a mendelian inheritance gets inherited in an autosomal dominant or recessive condition.
These disorders pass from either of their parents with the same frequency. Autosomal dominant disorders are mostly present in both parents as well as their children.
If both the parents had a defective allele there is a chance where child is also being affected by the same, if only one parent i.e., in heterozygous manner then the child may be a carrier or an affected one.
In some cases, aneuploidy of the chromosomes also leads to the deletion of half a part of the chromosome which results partial monosomies.
It occurs mostly due to unbalanced translocations. Unbalanced translocations also lead to partial dislocation or translocations.
Autosomal translocations lead to a number of diseases apart from gene disorders like cancer and schizophrenia.
Where as the diseases caused by aneuploidy are due to improper gene dosage or non- functional gene product.
Autosomes Citations
- The different levels of genetic diversity in sex chromosomes and autosomes. Trends Genet . 2009 Jun;25(6):278-84.
- Local adaptation and the evolution of inversions on sex chromosomes and autosomes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci . 2018 Oct 5;373(1757):20170423.
- Signatures of replication timing, recombination, and sex in the spectrum of rare variants on the human X chromosome and autosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 2019 Sep 3;116(36):17916-17924.
- Pseudodicentric Chromosome Originating from Autosomes 9 and 21 in a Male Patient with Oligozoospermia. Cytogenet Genome Res . 2019;159(4):201-207.
- A balancing act between the X chromosome and the autosomes. J Biol . 2006;5(1):2.
- The probability of fusions joining sex chromosomes and autosomes. Biol Lett . 2020 Nov;16(11):20200648.
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Incomplete Dominance vs Codominance: Definition & Examples
Continue ReadingIncomplete Dominance vs Codominance
The laws of inheritance proposed by Mendel characterized the predominance factors in legacy and the impacts of alleles on the aggregates.
Codominance and inadequate strength are various sorts of legacy (explicitly hereditary). Be that as it may, both fragmented strength and codominance sorts of predominance were not distinguished by Mendel.
Nonetheless, his work prompts their distinguishing proof. A few botanists worked in the legacy field and tracked down these particular predominance types.
The deficient strength and codominance are regularly stirred up. Consequently, see the essential factors that lead to varying from one another.
Incomplete Dominance
The incomplete dominance is a halfway dominance, which means the aggregate is in the middle of the genotype predominant and latent alleles.
In the above model, the subsequent posterity has a pink shading attribute notwithstanding the prevailing red tone and white shading characteristic because of incomplete dominance.
The prevailing allele doesn’t veil the passive allele bringing about an aggregate not quite the same as the two alleles, i.e., pink tone.
The incomplete dominance conveys hereditary significance since it clarifies the reality of the moderate presence of aggregate from two unique alleles.
Additionally, Mendel clarifies the Law of dominance that only one allele is prevailing over the other, and that allele can be one from both.
The overwhelming allele will diminish the impact of the latent allele.
While in incomplete dominance, the two alleles stay inside the delivered aggregate, yet the posterity have an entirely unexpected characteristic.
Mendel didn’t examine incomplete dominance on the grounds that the pea plant doesn’t show any incomplete dominance (middle of the road attributes).
Notwithstanding, the Mendel proposed proportion 1:2:1 will in general be exact for incomplete dominance, as found in the case of the four o’clock blossom, where the F1 age brings about red, pink, and white blossoms genotypic proportion of 1:2:1, separately.
These outcomes show the Law of Inheritance where alleles are acquired from guardians to posterity actually happens in the incomplete dominance portrayed by Mendel.
In research on quantitative hereditary qualities, the opportunities for incomplete dominance requires the subsequent aggregate to be in part identified with any of the genotypes (homozygotes); in any case, there will be no dominance.
Codominance
Codominance alludes to the dominance wherein the two alleles or qualities of the genotypes (of the two homozygotes) are communicated together in posterity (aggregate).
There is neither a predominant nor latent allele in cross-rearing.
Maybe the two alleles stay present and shaped as a combination of both of the alleles (that every allele tends to add phenotypic articulation during the rearing interaction).
Now and again, the codominance is additionally alluded to as no dominance because of the presence of the two alleles (of homozygotes) in the posterity (heterozygote).
Subsequently, the aggregate delivered is unmistakable from the genotypes of the homozygotes.
The capitalized letters are utilized with a few superscripts to recognize the codominant alleles while communicating them in compositions.
This composing style demonstrates that every allele can communicate even within the sight of different alleles (elective).
The case of codominance can be found in plants with white tone as passive allele and red tone as predominant allele produce blossoms with pink and white tone (spots) after cross-reproducing.
Additionally, Mendel likewise didn’t consider the codominance factor because of the pea plant’s restricted attributes.
In any case, further examination uncovered the codominance in plants and the other way around.
The genotypic proportion was equivalent to Mendel depicted. They delivered posterity that outcomes in the F1 age to incorporate red, spotted (white and pink), and white with a similar genotypic proportion.
Codominance can be effectively found in plants and creatures due to shading separation, just as in people to some terminated, for example, blood classification.
The incomplete dominance produces posterity with middle of the road qualities while the codominance includes the blending of allelic articulations.
In any case, in the two sorts of dominance, the parent alleles stay in the heterozygote. In any case, no allele is prevailing over the other.
Incomplete Dominance vs Codominance
Incomplete Dominance Codominance Incomplete dominance happens in the heterozygote, wherein the predominant allele doesn’t rule the passive allele totally; rather, a transitional quality shows up in the offspring. Codominance happens when the alleles don’t show any prevailing and passive allele relationship. Be that as it may, every allele from homozygote can add phenotypic articulations in the posterity or basically the “blend” of every allele. The posterity’s aggregate is a moderate of the guardians’ homozygous traits. The phenotypic articulation of homozygous in codominance is autonomous. The declaration of alleles in incomplete dominance is prominent, which means none of the alleles rules over the other. The articulation of alleles in codominance is consistently obvious, which means the two alleles have an equivalent possibility for communicating their belongings. The shaped characteristic (aggregate) is distinctive because of blending both parent’s aggregates and genotypes. The framed quality (aggregate) isn’t diverse because of the no blending of the two guardians’ aggregates and genotypes. The posterity don’t show the parental phenotype. The posterity shows both parental aggregates. The predominant allele doesn’t rule over the latent allele. None of the alleles is prevailing or passive, and the ruling relationship doesn’t happen. The predominant allele doesn’t overwhelm over the latent allele. The posterity aggregate created has the mix of two alleles and, subsequently, shows two aggregates together. The quantitative methodology can be utilized for the investigation of incomplete dominance in living beings (counting the examination of both non-ruling alleles). The quantitative methodology can be utilized for the examination of codominance in the living being (just including the investigation of quality articulations). Incomplete dominance models incorporate Pink blossoms of four o’clock blossoms (Mirabilis jalapa), and actual qualities in people, for example, hair tone, hand sizes, and height. Codominance can be found in people and just as in creatures. The blood classification (or gatherings A, B, and O) in people and the spots on quills or hairs of domesticated animals are instances of codominance. Incomplete Dominance vs Codominance Citations
- Defining codominance in plant communities. New Phytol . 2021 Jun;230(5):1716-1730.
- Incomplete dominance of deleterious alleles contributes substantially to trait variation and heterosis in maize. PLoS Genet . 2017 Sep 27;13(9):e1007019.
- Combined effects of dosage compensation and incomplete dominance on gene expression in triploid cyprinids. DNA Res . 2019 Dec 1;26(6):485-494.
- Codominance of Acer saccharum and Fagus grandifolia: the role of Fagus root sprouts along a slope gradient in an old-growth forest. J Plant Res . 2010 Sep;123(5):665-74.
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Lactobacillus: Health Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects
Continue ReadingAbout Lactobacillus
Microorganisms comprises of varied microbes, fungi, protozoa. It also includes many microscopic plants viruses, viroid and also prions.
They can be seen anywhere on this planet anywhere where habitat is seen. It can flourish on nutritive media where researchers can do studies on it by cultivation and producing colonies and can help for research purpose.
Microorganisms gives rise to various diseases in living beings including plants and animals, although they cause diseases, they can be useful in many different and friendly ways.
One such type of bacteria is lactobacillus and there are many species of lactobacillus which are useful and can help in digestion, and on urinary and reproductive system as well and cause no harm.
They are also used in various consumable forms such as yogurts and probiotic drink or supplements.
It is most popular to treat diarrhea when patients are given antibiotics which may suppress the gut flora and this type of bacteria helps to protect and increase good gut flora which prevents it.
Lactobacillus contributes significantly in improving the overall health in living beings.
They are also used and prescribed for general digestion problems, large intestine disorders which causes stomach pain, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), colic in infants, inflammation of bowel track or colon, etc.
It is a gram-positive, aerotolerant anaerobes or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria under the genus Lactobacillus and has as many as 260 phylogenetically, metabolically varied species.
Its taxonomic update of the genus in 2020 put lactobacilli to 25 genera.
Metabolism of Lactobacillus
They are the only group of the lactic acid bacteria that comprises of homofermentative and heterofermentative organisms and in the Lactobacillaceae, either metabolism is jointly used by all strains of Lactobacillus.
In Lactobacilli hexoses are metabolised by glycolysis to lactate as higher end product which is termed as homofermentative.
It may be heterofermentative, which means that hexoses are broken down by the Phosphoketolase pathway to lactate, CO2 and acetate or ethanol as the end product.
They are aerotolerant which means it is manganese-dependent and has been seen in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum.
Few lactobacillus species respire only if heme and menaquinone are available in the growth medium but usually don’t need iron for development.
This species is homofermentative, do not exhibit pyruvate formate lyase, and manty don’t ferment pentoses example: in L. crispatus, pentose metabolism is strain selective and is gained by lateral gene transmit.
Genome of Lactobacillus
The genome is not constant and differs, size from 1.2 to 4.9 Mb (megabases) and the quantity of protein-coding genes vary from 1,267 to about 4,758 genes in Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis and Lentilactobacillus parakefiri.
Differences can be seen in one species as well for example in L. crispatus genome sizes varies in between 1.83 to 2.7 Mb, or 1,839 to 2,688.
Lactobacillus comprises a stock of compound microsatellites in the coding area that are not perfect and usually possess different motifs and they also comprises of many plasmids.
In many new research study they have delineated that the plasmids encode the genes which are necessary to acquittance of lactobacilli to the surrounding.
Types of Lactobacillus
L. delbrueckii is a type of species of the genus, is 0.5 to 0.8 μm and can be seen in single or in small groups in chains.
L. acidophilus, L. brevis, L. casei, and L. sanfranciscensis are some another types.
The quantity of lactic acid generated differs. In L. brevis and L. fermentum, glucose metabolism is heterofermentative, with lactic acid sums upto 50% of end products and ethanol, acetic acid, and carbon dioxide as the rest 50%.
The organisms that cannot metabolise glucose receives its energy organic components like galactose, malate, or fructose.
Health Benefits of Lactobacillus
Lactobacillus spp. are fundamental as purposeful and essential as deliberate or accidental component in many food available.
An excellent deal of attention has been given to its significant property as being probiotics.
Strains that are evaluated for this beneficial property comprises of L. acidophilus LA1, L. acidophilus NCFB 1748, Lactobacillus GG, L. casei Shirota, Lactobacillus gasseri ADH, and Lactobacillus reuteri.
Other beneficial property of Lactobacillus accommodates immune improvements, decreasing fecal enzyme process, inhibiting intestinal disorders, and decreasing incidence of viral diarrhea and this probiotic strains are said to own a capability to live in/habitat in the intestinal tract, and in a good way affecting the microflora and maybe excluding colonization by pathogens.
Albeit the positive effects from having of probiotics is critical, authentic records still remains in water and the clinical trials often have hurdles and costly to conduct specially in people within which compliance with experimental protocols and normalizing for other genetic and environmental factors are hard.
For now the major focus is onselective isolates, such as L. casei GG, and research is directed and is being built around these strains.
Ergo, variety of products are named as probiotics and are clubbed together with more traditional dairy products to be sold in the market. This are easily available for the normal people.
Lactobacillus spp. are important components in many food products which either we know or may be present unknowingly.
Significant amount of attention has been directed toward their potential benefits and importance as probiotics.
Strains that have been verified for their probiotic properties are L. acidophilus LA1, L. acidophilus NCFB 1748, Lactobacillus GG, Lactobacillus casei, L. Shirota, gasseri ADH, and Lactobacillus reuteri.
Many reported clinical effects attributed to the consumption of it consist of immune enhancement, lowering faecal enzyme activity, preventing intestinal problems, and reducing viral diarrhoea.
Most probiotic strains are accepted to have a capacity to colonize the intestinal lot, subsequently decidedly influencing the microflora and maybe barring colonization by microbes.
But the possible advantages from the utilization of probiotics are huge, research is as yet slacking.
Clinical preliminaries are troublesome and costly to perform particularly in people in which consistency with trial conventions and normalizing for other hereditary and natural components are troublesome.
Huge worth and spotlight are currently being set on specific confines, like L. casei GG, and protected innovation is being worked around these strains.
These are filled in milk and split it to frame curd. The LAB creates acids that coagulate and do not completely digest the milk proteins which upgrades the wholesome property by raising vit. B12.
Presently, various items are assigned as probiotics and are sold alongside more conventional dairy items.
Probiotics especially related to Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. have studied and research shows that they exhibit anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, and antitumorigenic activities ergo, more research needs to be executed to verify its authenticity.
Lactobacillus Citations
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Proto-Oncogene: Definition, Function, and Examples
Continue ReadingWhat are Proto-Oncogene?
There are trillions of living cells in the body that develops, gap and bite the dust in a systematic design. This cycle is firmly directed by the qualities inside a cell’s core.
These qualities code for proteins that assist with controlling cell development. These significant qualities are called proto-oncogenes.
An adjustment of the DNA grouping of the proto-oncogene brings about an oncogene, which delivers an alternate protein and meddles with typical cell guidelines.
Features of Proto-Oncogene
Protooncogenes have numerous capacities in a cell however they regularly code for proteins that animate cell division, forestall cell separation, or manage customized cell demise (apoptosis).
These are for the most part fundamental cycles needed for ordinary development, improvement, and the support of solid organs and tissues.
Notwithstanding, a changed or blemished adaptation of a proto (oncogene) expands the creation of these proteins, subsequently prompting unregulated cell division, a slower pace of cell separation, and expanded hindrance of cell demise.
Combined this enhances and highlights properties of the cells that have gotten malignant.
Presently, scientists know about in excess of 40 unique sorts of proto-oncogenes in people.
A few hereditary components that cause a proto-oncogene to turn into an oncogene have additionally been clarified and models are given underneath:
• Point transformations, inclusions or erasures that lead to an overactive quality item.
• Point transformations, inclusions or cancellations that lead to an expansion in record.
• Quality intensification prompting extra duplicates of a proto-oncogene.
• Chromosomal movement that makes a proto-oncogene move to an alternate chromosomal site related with expanded articulation.
• Chromosomal movements that cause a protooncogene to intertwine with another quality to deliver a protein that has oncogenic action.
Proto-Oncogene Characteristic
A couple of malignancy conditions are brought about by acquired changes of proto-oncogenes that cause the oncogene to be turned on (initiated).
However, most disease-causing changes including oncogenes are obtained, not acquired.
They, by and large, actuate oncogenes by:
Chromosome modifications: Changes in chromosomes that put one quality close to another, which permits one quality to initiate the other.
Quality duplication: Having additional duplicates of a quality, which can prompt it making an over-the-top certain protein.
Investigation into oncogenes has worked on comprehension and information regarding why certain people are more helpless to malignant growth than others.
A few bunches are bound to have their proto-oncogenes changed over to oncogenes and foster malignancy.
The specialists that cause malignant growth like radiation, infections, and ecological poisons, for instance, are bound to cause disease in these people.
Example of Proto-Oncogene: HER2
One illustration of a notable proto-oncogene is the HER2 quality. This quality codes for a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor called human epidermal development factor receptor 2.
HER2 Receptor and Breast Cancer
This protein receptor is associated with the development, fix, and division of cells in the bosom.
In a sound breast cell, there are two duplicates of HER2, yet in certain kinds of bosom malignant growth, the cells contain multiple duplicates, which prompts overabundance creation of the HER2 protein.
This makes the breast cells develop, partition and multiply considerably more rapidly than sound breast cells.
HER2/EGFR signaling pathway in Breast cancer
This hereditary deformity in the Breast cells isn’t acquired yet is well on the way to emerge because of maturing.
Specialists are as yet exploring whether natural factors, for example, smoke and contamination improve the probability of the imperfection happening.
In the event that a lady is analyzed as HER2 positive, she has a strange number of HER2 qualities and is creating a lot of the HER2 protein.
This implies cells in her Breast are filling in an upregulated way and shaping a carcinogenic tumor.
Assuming a lady is analyzed as HER2 negative, it’s anything but HER2 protein creation that is causing malignant growth.
Example of Proto-Oncogene: Myc
Another illustration of a proto-oncogene is the Myc quality, which codes for record factors.
At the point when the quality grouping of Myc is modified, these record factors are created at expanded rates and quality articulation is changed bringing about the arrangement of a tumor.
What is Oncogene?
On the contrary oncogenes are qualities that leads to malignancies.
As such, oncogenes can be characterized as destructive qualities. Oncogenes are transformed proto-oncogenes. At the point when the DNA succession of the proto-oncogene is changed or transformed, it’s anything but an oncogene.
Oncogene is coded with various proteins which impact the ordinary cell cycle.
Oncogenes produce inhibitors of the phone cycle which are equipped for proceeding with cell division in any event, during conditions that are not useful for cell division.
Oncogenes additionally produce positive controllers which are fit for keeping cells dynamic till the development of malignant growth.
Oncogenes run after disease development by advancing uncontrolled cell division, bringing down cell separation and restraining ordinary cell demise (apoptosis).
Proto-oncogenes become oncogenes because of a few hereditary changes or systems like transformations, quality intensifications, chromosomal movements.
They are rattled off as follows.
Creation of overactive quality items by point transformations, inclusions, or erasures.
Expanded record by point transformations, inclusions or erasures.
Creation of extra duplicates of proto-oncogenes by quality intensification.
Development of proto-oncogenes into various chromosomal site and cause for expanded articulation.
Combination of proto-oncogenes with different qualities which can cause oncogenic action.
Examples
HER2: Another notable protooncogene is HER2. This quality makes protein receptors that are engaged with the development and division of cells in the breast.
Numerous individuals with breast disease have a quality intensification transformation in their HER2 quality.
This kind of disease is frequently alluded to as HER2-positive breast malignant growth.
Myc : The Myc quality is related with a sort of malignant growth called Burkitt’s lymphoma.
It’s anything but a chromosomal movement moves a quality enhancer arrangement close to the Myc proto-oncogene.
Cyclin D: Cyclin D is another protooncogene. Its ordinary occupation is to make a protein called Rb tumor silencer protein dormant.
In certain diseases, similar to tumors of the parathyroid organ, Cyclin D is actuated because of a change.
Thus, it can presently don’t manage its work of making the tumor silencer protein inert.
This thus causes uncontrolled cell development.
Your cells contain numerous significant qualities that direct cell development and division.
The typical types of these qualities are called proto-oncogenes. The changed structures are called oncogenes. Oncogenes can prompt disease.
You can’t totally keep a change from occurring in a proto-oncogene, yet your way of life may have an effect.
You might have the option to bring down your danger of malignancy causing changes by opting for heathier lifestyle.
Citations
- Proto-oncogene fos: complex but versatile regulation. Cell . 1987 Nov 20;51(4):513-4.
- Proto-oncogene fos: an inducible gene. Princess Takamatsu Symp . 1986;17:279-90.
- A function for the lck proto-oncogene. Trends Biochem Sci . 1989 Oct;14(10):404-7.
- Role of proto-oncogene activation in carcinogenesis. Environ Health Perspect . 1992 Nov;98:13-24.
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Cell Cycle Assay With Flow Cytometry: Detailed...
Continue ReadingAbout PhD In Psychology
Cell cycle analysis by quantitation of DNA content was one of the fantastic applications of flow cytometry.
The mammalian DNA, yeast, DNA, plant DNA or bacterial DNA can be easily stained by a variety of DNA binding dyes such as propidium iodide.
The premise of these DNA binding dyes is that they are stoichiometric, i.e. they bind in proportion to the DNA amount present in the cell.
In this way if cells are in S phase will have more DNA than cells in G1 phase.
They will take up proportionally more dye and will fluoresce more brightly until they have doubled their DNA content.
The cells in G2 phase will be approximately twice as bright as cells in G1. DNA-binding dyes include propidium iodide (PI), Hoechst 33342, 33258 and S769121, 7-aminoactinomycin-D (7-AAD), DRAQ5™ and DRAQ7™, TO-PRO-3, 4’6’-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI).
In general, cells must be fixed and permeabilized to allow entry of the DNA binding dye which is otherwise actively pumped out by living cells.
Alcohol or aldehyde are commonly used to fix the cells.
Alcohol is a dehydrating fixative which also permeabilizes cells of interest. This will allow easy access of the dye to the DNA and gives good profiles (low coefficient of variation, CV).
The disadvantage of alcohol fixation is that it is often incompatible with fluorescent proteins and some surface markers.
For simultaneously proteins or surface markers examination, use of an aldehyde (cross-linking) fixative, such as paraformaldehyde is more efficient and appropriate.
Aldehyde fixation in cell cycle analysis may lead to poorer quality profiles (higher CVs) but will allow simultaneous detection of other fluorochromes and membrane-bound surface proteins.
Another disadvantage of paraformaldehyde fixation is, generally paraformaldehyde does not permeabilize the cell membrane, and so further sample processing is required.
With fixed cells, samples may be processed, stained and analyzed at the conclusion of an experiment.
Alcohol-fixed cells are stable for several weeks at 4°C and several weeks in -20 °C.
Aldehyde fixed cells are stable for 2 to 3 days. An alternative method to allow the DNA dye into the cells is to permeabilize them with a detergent such as Triton X-100 (0.1%) or NP40 (0.1%).
Usually, it is also necessary to combine a fixation (paraformaldehyde) and permeabilization (Triton X-100) for the intracellular staining.
On the other hand, methods are available, e.g. use of citrate buffers (in combination with detergent), although these are not so widely used.
There are also some dyes that will enter live cells and quantitatively bind to DNA, these include Hoechst 33342, DRAQ5™ (ab108410) and the DyeCycle dyes
Adopted from BioRender
Cell Cycle Assay Reagents
70% Ethanol
Propidium iodide (stock solution 50 µg/ml)
Ribonuclease I (stock 100 µg/ml)
Cell Cycle Assay Procedure
1. Seed appropriate number of cells (e.g. 1.5×105 MDA-MB-231, 1X105 MCF-7, and 1X105 SK-BR-3) in 6 well plates in 2 ml complete media.
Seed less number of cells in control wells if your cells are fast growing like MDA-MB-231 so that they will not die due to over confluence.
Incubate in 5% CO2 incubator for 18-24 hours.
2. When the cells are at 40-50% confluence, discard the media and add 1 ml of serum deprived media (containing 0.5% FBS) to synchronize the cells.
Incubate in 5% CO2 incubator for 6 hours.
3. After this period discard the media and add 1 ml complete media.
Then, treat the cells in same media at different doses of your test compound in triplicates. Make a negative control with no treatment.
Incubate in 5% CO2 incubator for 18-24 hours.
4. Harvest the cells (both dead and live cells) after the incubation period by trypsinizing them (add 500 μL Trypsin per well).
Pool triplicate wells into single 15 ml tube.
Centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes to pellet down.
5. Wash the pelleted cells with 2-3 ml of PBS.
Re-centrifuge the cells at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes.
6. Give second washing with 2-3 ml PBS if necessary.
Again centrifuge cells at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes.
7. Discard the PBS. Gently mix the pelleted cells in the remaining PBS and fix each cell suspension in 1-3 ml of 70% ethanol (depending on the number of cells in the suspension).
8. Keep them at -200C for a minimum of 1 day (although they can stay for up to 2-3 days).
9. Spin down the cells at 1800 rpm for 5 minutes.
Discard the supernatant.
Wash the pellet in 2-3 ml PBS.
Again spin down at 1800 rpm for 5 minutes.
10. Give a second wash with PBS if necessary.
Spin down the cells at 1800 rpm for 5 minutes to remove the traces of ethanol.
Mix the cell pellet in remaining PBS.
11. Make PI-RNase master mix by taking 5μl of PI (2mg/ml stock) and 2μl of RNase (10mg/ml stock) in 300 μl PBS per sample.
12. Add 300 μl of master mix per sample. Mix well.
13. Incubate for 30 minutes in dark at RT.
Transfer to FACS flow tubes. Keep the tubes on ice.
14. Analyse the samples via FACS as soon as possible and interpret using software
Cell Cycle Assay Citations:
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20 PhD Degree Programs – Fully Funded...
Continue ReadingAre you holding Master’s degree and looking for PhD Degree – Fully Funded PhD Programs in Europe?
Lund University, Sweden inviting application for funded PhD Programs or fully funded PhD Scholarship. Lund University is one of the largest university in the world with thousands of employees, students, and research scientists are involved in the innovation of science and technology daily.
Lund University has huge a campus in Sweden and widely known as for its contribution in top notch education and research. The contribution of Lund University is not only limited to natural sciences and engineering but it also offers high quality research as well as higher education in bio-medical sciences, social sciences, humanities, psychology, education, architecture etc.
ResearchTweet brings you with its “quick to get feature” the most updated notification with summary of PhD Programs, last date PhD application, and official links of advertisement.
(1) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The PhD programme consists of 240 credits (equivalent to four years of full-time studies) and is concluded with the public defence of a doctoral thesis. The appointed doctoral student will receive a salary from the University during four years, and his or her main obligation is to complete their PhD studies, which primarily includes an independently written doctoral thesis.
PhD Program Deadline: 01.Sep.2021
(2) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: This project focuses on combining satellite data and global climate modelling to estimate the climate cooling from volcanic eruptions. We have developed a method to produce high vertical resolution SO2 data.
PhD Program Deadline: 16.Aug.2021
(3) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The aim is to study associative learning, specifically learning of temporal intervals, in cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Experiments and data sampling will be done with extracellular electrodes in vivo and patch-clamp in vitro.
PhD Program Deadline: 18.Jul.2021
(4) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The MIAO research group has a fairly unusual profile in that we are on the one hand conducting deeply theoretical, mathematical research on the foundations of efficient computation, and on the other hand working on the design of state-of-the-art applied algorithms that are meant to run blisteringly fast in practice.
PhD Program Deadline: 05.Jul.2021
(5) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The research area is based in the notion that the robustness and punctuality of the railway system must increase, while capacity and capacity utilization must not decrease.
PhD Program Deadline: 03.Jun.2021
(6) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The main goal of the project, manufacturing effects in electrical machines, is to investigate not only the impact of material degradation, in particular of the ferro-magnetic laminations, when producing E-machines for vehicle propulsion applications, but also to analyse how this deterioration depends on various production choices and processes.
PhD Program Deadline: 09.Jun.2021
(7) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: Electrical Engineering at LTH comprises electromagnetics, electronics, networks, security, signal processing, and wireless and wired communication. The aim of research within the field is to arrive at an understanding of the underlying physical context through theoretical and experimental methods and to formulate, realize and verify effective solutions in different applications.
PhD Program Deadline: 30 june 2021
(8) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The PhD position is linked to the research project The long reach of the neighborhood: Health, education and earnings in Landskrona, Sweden, 1904-2015, funded by Handelsbankens forskningsstiftelser.
PhD Program Deadline: 28.Jun.2021
(9) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: Doctoral student in Economic History – Gender Equality on the Road to Modernity. The Department of Economic History is a research-intensive department that employs about 100 people: researchers, teachers, technical/administrative staff, and Ph.D. candidates.
PhD Program Deadline: 28.Jun.2021
(10) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: Doctoral student in Economic History – Colonialism, living standards and inequality. The PhD position is linked to the research project Colonialism and the socio-economic impact of the indigenous people: The case of Cape Colony, funded by Handelsbankens forskningsstiftelser.
PhD Program Deadline: 28.Jun.2021
(11) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: We are studying the biology of acute leukemia using large-scale genomics and bioinformatic methods. We aim to understand how different types of genetic aberrations cause development of leukemia in order to improve treatment and survival in pediatric acute leukemia.
PhD Program Deadline: 27.Jun.2021
(12) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: We are searching for a Ph.D. student interested in bioinformatics and genomics, with a focus on blood cell formation and malignant blood disorders. Specifically, the project aims to develop and apply computational methods to anlayze large-scale flow cytometry phenotyping data, and link these to genetic data in order to discover DNA sequence variants that the development and function of blood cells, including at the stem and progenitor level.
PhD Program Deadline: 27.Jun.2021
(13) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: At the Department of Health Sciences, we work to increase knowledge about how people can recover and maintain their health. We train all categories of future healthcare and rehabilitation staff within first, second and third cycle education.
PhD Program Deadline: 27.Jun.2021
(14) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The research at the division of Solid State Physics within the physics department is focused around different aspects of semiconductor physics, ranging from materials science to quantum physics, and different applications.
PhD Program Deadline: 23.Jun.2021
(15) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: This position aims at identifying and developing alternative technical solutions in order to achieve future fossil-free farming. These solutions include different ways of generating carbon-neutral energy, as well as new concepts for machines, tools, and other equipment necessary to replace today’s fossil-based technology.
PhD Program Deadline: 17.Jun.2021
(16) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: Our research is focused on defining and understanding biological processes in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. We work both with cohorts of patients and cognitively unimpaired volunteers, who undergo extensive testing with neuroimaging, biomarker measurements and neuropsychological testing, and with animal- and cell biology experiments.
PhD Program Deadline: 15.Jun.2021
(17) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The main topic of the research will be analysis of discrete-time stochastic processes and interacting particle systems, with a focus on history-dependent random processes and models related to random geometry.
PhD Program Deadline: 15.Jun.2021
(18) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The Faculty of Medicine is a part of Lund University, and is responsible for education and research within medicine and healthcare. Our academic programs are closely linked with the healthcare system and are firmly anchored in the faculty’s strong research tradition.
PhD Program Deadline: 15.Jun.2021
(19) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The neural circuitry for navigational decisions is both highly conserved and uniquely accessible in insects. These circuits reside in a brain region called the central complex (CX), a region with exceptionally tight structure-function relationships.
PhD Program Deadline: 14.Jun.2021
(20) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: We are seeking a PhD candidate to undertake research in infection biology and microbiology. The project conducted by the candidate will focus on Mycobacterium avium, the most prevalent pathogenic species.
PhD Program Deadline: 14.Jun.2021
About The University:
Lund University was founded in 1666 and is repeatedly ranked among the world’s top 100 universities. The University has around 44 000 students and more than 8 000 staff based in Lund, Helsingborg and Malmö.
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04 PhD Degree Programs – Fully Funded...
Continue ReadingAre you holding Master’s degree and looking for PhD Degree – Fully Funded PhD Programs in Europe?
Nord University, Norway inviting application for funded PhD Programs or fully funded PhD Scholarship. Nord University is one of the largest university in the world with thousands of employees, students, and research scientists are involved in the innovation of science and technology daily.
Nord University has huge a campus in Norway and widely known as for its contribution in top notch education and research. The contribution of Nord University is not only limited to natural sciences and engineering but it also offers high quality research as well as higher education in bio-medical sciences, social sciences, humanities, psychology, education, architecture etc.
ResearchTweet brings you with its “quick to get feature” the most updated notification with summary of PhD Programs, last date PhD application, and official links of advertisement.
(1) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The position will give aspiring researchers the possibility to develop and to achieve a PhD degree and has a duration of three years. This position (ESR13) will model the economic impact of the adoption of autonomous inland shipping, taking as point of departure an Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) methodology.
PhD Program Deadline: 1st September 2021
(2) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The research will provide advice to industry, government, and society about how climate change driven ocean warming will directly and indirectly affect the distribution of suitable environment for species of present and future aquaculture importance globally and in Norway.
PhD Program Deadline: 1st August 2021
(3) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: Identify regulatory regions (e.g. CpG islands), and enzymes (e.g. methyl-transferases) involved in DNA methylation and histone modifications, as well as potential miRNA target sites, characterize their specificities, and draw their evolutionary path in the brown macroalgae.
PhD Program Deadline: 1st August 2021
(4) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The PhD candidates will actively participate in the planning and running of in vivo studies conducted under controlled or farm conditions, the collection of different samples for various analyses, the performance of different in vitro methods that are required for the assessment of the different ingredients.
PhD Program Deadline: 31st July 2021
About The University:
Global challenges demand new insight, innovative solutions and local legitimacy. Nord University is a young university with strong regional ties and a global perspective. We are committed to delivering relevant educational programmes and research, with a focus on blue and green growth, innovation and entrepreneurship, and welfare, health and education.
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05 PhD Degree Programs – Fully Funded...
Continue ReadingAre you holding Master’s degree and looking for PhD Degree – Fully Funded PhD Programs in Europe?
University of Stavanger, Norway inviting application for funded PhD Programs or fully funded PhD Scholarship. University of Stavanger is one of the largest university in the world with thousands of employees, students, and research scientists are involved in the innovation of science and technology daily.
University of Stavanger has huge a campus in Norway and widely known as for its contribution in top notch education and research. The contribution of University of Stavanger is not only limited to natural sciences and engineering but it also offers high quality research as well as higher education in bio-medical sciences, social sciences, humanities, psychology, education, architecture etc.
ResearchTweet brings you with its “quick to get feature” the most updated notification with summary of PhD Programs, last date PhD application, and official links of advertisement.
(1) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The main objective of this PhD-project should be to achieve novel understandings of human-animal relations in archaeology, by using a combination of archaeological and cognitive research. Throughout prehistory, humans have shared the planet with other animals, in various multi-species environments.
PhD Program Deadline: 15th August 2021
(2) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The University of Stavanger invites applicants for a PhD Fellowship in Computer Science (5G Vehicular Communication) at the Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science.
PhD Program Deadline: 6th July 2021
(3) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: As an applicant, you must prepare a preliminary project proposal for a doctoral project within the subject area, which explains the problem, relevance, theoretical and methodological approach. Your preliminary project proposal will be included in the application assessment.
PhD Program Deadline: 22nd June 2021
(4) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The University of Stavanger invites applicants for a PhD Fellowship in Tourism Management at the Faculty of Social Sciences, The Norwegian School of Hotel Management. The position is vacant from autumn 2021.
PhD Program Deadline: 22nd June 2021
(5) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The University of Stavanger invites applicants for a PhD Fellowship in innovative practices in schools and teacher education at the Faculty of Arts and Education, Department of Education and Sports Science (IGIS).
PhD Program Deadline: 13th June 2021
About The University:
The University of Stavanger (UiS) has about 12,000 students and 1,900 employees. The university has high ambitions. We strive to have an innovative and international profile, and be a driving force in knowledge development and in the process of societal change.
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21 PhD Degree Programs – Funded PhD...
Continue ReadingAre you holding Master’s degree and looking for PhD Degree – Fully Funded PhD Programs in Europe?
University of Bergen, Norway inviting application for funded PhD Programs or fully funded PhD Scholarship. University of Bergen is one of the largest university in the world with thousands of employees, students, and research scientists are involved in the innovation of science and technology daily.
University of Bergen has huge a campus in Bergen, Norway and widely known as for its contribution in top notch education and research. The contribution of University of Bergenk is not only limited to natural sciences and engineering but it also offers high quality research as well as higher education in bio-medical sciences, social sciences, humanities, psychology, education, architecture etc.
ResearchTweet brings you with its “quick to get feature” the most updated notification with summary of PhD Programs, last date PhD application, and official links of advertisement.
(1) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The United Nations has announced a decade of ocean science for sustainable development. This involves novel methodologies for monitoring of marine environments and constructions. The PhD project is part of the new Smart Ocean Centre. The overall aim of the Centre is to create a wireless observation system for multi-parameter monitoring of underwater environments and installations, based on a flexible and autonomous smart sensor network.
PhD Program Deadline: 16th August 2021
(2) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The PhD candidate will work on methods to improve our understanding and use of modern wideband echosounder methodologies and acoustic signals scattered from marine organisms, employing mathematical modelling, numerical simulations, and experimental measurements in lab and field.
PhD Program Deadline: 16th August 2021
(3) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: We offer an opportunity to join one of the leading research and innovation clusters within marine instrumentation and operations, in an exciting time for marine life, environment, and observation technologies. In a consortium counting about 20 research, industry and public partners, the Smart Ocean Centre focuses on flexible and cost-effective solutions for monitoring and management of a productive and healthy ocean.
PhD Program Deadline: 16th August 2021
(4) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The objective of the PhD work is to acquire a better understanding of the acoustic signals scattered from single and multiple marine organisms. This includes frequency responses for the target strength of relevant fish species.
PhD Program Deadline: 16th August 2021
(5) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The candidate will collaborate closely with a parallel PhD project focusing on 3D numerical finite-element modelling of electroacoustic signal propagation in a VOS cell of this type. The PhD work is to be carried out in a cooperation with the project partners, co-supervised by NORCE and HVL, with work locations at UiB and NORCE.
PhD Program Deadline: 16th August 2021
(6) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: We are looking for a candidate who wants to work on the research frontiers in computational social science with a focus on responsible media technologies. The PhD candidate work at MediaFutures and will be affiliated with the DARS research group at the Department of Information Science and Media Studies at the University of Bergen.
PhD Program Deadline: 15th August 2021
(7) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The appointment as PhD candidate will be made on the basis of previous education and academic work, as well as the quality and relevance of the cover letter and brief research prospectus. When appointed the candidate will be given admission to the PhD programme at the Faculty of Psychology.
PhD Program Deadline: 15th August 2021
(8) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: Our research group has ongoing projects in domains such as digital multimedia forensics, decision making in finance and insurance, sustainable resource management, health information systems, media content analysis, production and archiving, and personal data analysis.
PhD Program Deadline: 8th August 2021
(9) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: We are currently seeking a PhD to investigate this changing landscape. The candidate will be member of the Media Aesthetics research group at the Department. The group’s research revolves around film, television, video games, comics and visual culture from analytical, theoretical, and historical perspectives.
PhD Program Deadline: 6th August 2021
(10) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The PhD project will be executed in close collaboration with scientists at the Institute of Marine Research, with other CRIMAC PhD candidates and with the fishing industry suppliers Kongsberg Maritime AS and Scantrol Deep Vision AS. The work will involve participation in scientific surveys on board research vessels and rented fishing vessels.
PhD Program Deadline: 4th August 2021
(11) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The PhD student will develop, implement and analyse efficient and reliable solvers for flow in deformable porous media. This will involve solving two coupled partial differential equations, a hyperbolic and a parabolic one. A software package based on finite elements will be used.
PhD Program Deadline: 1st August 2021
(12) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: Modern theoretical computer science faces a fundamental challenge: the current methods fail to explain the effectiveness of modern machine learning algorithms. To reconcile the algorithmic intractability with machine learning, we will develop novel algorithmic and complexity methods. The successful completion of our program will yield progress in both areas of theoretical computer science and machine learning.
PhD Program Deadline: 30th June 2021
(13) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The research group ‘Neural circuits and behaviour in Ciona’ is interested in understanding the evolution , development and function of chordate nervous systems. Our work focuses primarily on the invertebrate chordate Ciona intestinalis. The successful applicant will study how the larval behavioural repertoire is controlled by neuromodulators.
PhD Program Deadline: 30th June 2021
(14) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The position is within the project MATHCOM, focusing on uncertainty quantification in data analysis and modelling related to epidemics and pandemics, and on challenges and methods to communicate such uncertainties to people with various background.
PhD Program Deadline: 29th June 2021
(15) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The main aim of this study is to increase our understanding of the underlying individual and structural factors to explain differences in behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic between migrants and the majority population regarding adherence to recommendations and its consequences. The PhD student will be working closely with researchers with various scientific background within the Pandemic Centre, including PhD students from other fields.
PhD Program Deadline: 29th June 2021
(16) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The main goal is to isolate, characterize and test unique antiviral natural products as potential active principals of future drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 infections.
PhD Program Deadline: 24th June 2021
(17) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The research of the candidate will focus on applications of connections, both linear and non-linear to sub-Riemannian geometry. The aim of the project will be obtaining functional inequalities relating to the sub-Riemannian heat operator using Jacobi fields and curvature.
PhD Program Deadline: 22nd June 2021
(18) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The proposed project must be an investigation of communication and narrativity in relation to/and using virtual reality (VR). The person, who receives the position will be engaged in the development of one of the department’s focus areas; human centred technology in a critical perspective.
PhD Program Deadline: 21st June 2021
(19) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: Media channels and social networks have provided new opportunities for influencing social and political opinion. In a crisis, such as the one we experience with the Covid 19 pandemic, the degree of argumentation and deep understanding of the causes, dynamics and societal values is often extremely reduced, and in this context media platforms can represent a threat to critical interpretation and tolerance in public understanding.
PhD Program Deadline: 21st June 2021
(20) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The position is linked to the ERA-NET Cofund project ThermoK – Thermophilic break-down of keratin-laden biomass waste, which is an international project consisting of interdisciplinary research groups in five countries. The main aim of the project is to develop a sustainable biotechnological process for break-down of the rather recalcitrant feather keratin to make useful products.
PhD Program Deadline: 17th June 2021
(21) PhD Degree Programs - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: We are looking for candidates with a master’s degree in economics with projects that combines economics or finance with techniques from computer science. This can for instance, but not limited to, be projects on firm or consumer optimization and algorithms, or projects that combine any field of economics or finance with machine learning techniques.
PhD Program Deadline: 17th June 2021
About The University:
The University of Bergen is a renowned educational and research institution, organised into seven faculties and approximately 54 institutes and academic centres.
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17 PhD in Psychology – Funded PhD...
Continue ReadingAre you holding Master’s degree and looking for PhD in Psychology – Fully Funded PhD Programs in Europe?
KU Leuven, Belgium inviting application for funded PhD Programs or fully funded PhD Scholarship. KU Leuven is one of the largest university in the world with thousands of employees, students, and research scientists are involved in the innovation of science and technology daily.
KU Leuven has huge a campus in Belgium and widely known as for its contribution in top notch education and research. The contribution of KU Leuven is not only limited to natural sciences and engineering but it also offers high quality research as well as higher education in bio-medical sciences, social sciences, humanities, psychology, education, architecture etc.
ResearchTweet brings you with its “quick to get feature” the most updated notification with summary of PhD Programs, last date PhD application, and official links of advertisement.
(1) PhD in Psychology - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: You will execute a scientific research project and write a PhD on the topic of identity work in burnout. Identity work is the process whereby people create, fix, preserve, strengthen, or revise their identities. In this project, you will investigate the role of identity processes in the emergence of and the recovery from burnout.
PhD Program Deadline: June 30, 2021
(2) PhD in Psychology - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: You will execute a scientific research project and prepare a doctoral dissertation on bystander conflict during police interventions. Bystander conflict occurs when citizens impede the functioning of the police during primary interventions (e.g. ‘getting in the way’, insult, intimidation, aggression, violence).
PhD Program Deadline: June 28, 2021
(3) PhD in Psychology - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: Online learning environments often generate a large amount of log data, that can be supplemented by other data sources (such as video, eye tracking, and physiological data). The candidate will further develop, apply and evaluate statistical techniques and models (such as dynamic IRT models) that can be used to analyze these data sets or to track changing variables on-the-fly in order to optimize and personalize the environment.
PhD Program Deadline: June 27, 2021
(4) PhD in Psychology - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: In the past decades, considerable research effort has been devoted to documenting and understanding elementary features of fear learning and how they might might be involved in the development of anxiety, through research in animals, healthy humans and patients.
PhD Program Deadline: June 24, 2021
(5) PhD in Psychology - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: You will execute a scientific research project and write a PhD on the topic of strategic human resource management (SHRM), i.e. the management of employees in line with organizational goals.
PhD Program Deadline: June 30, 2021
(6) PhD in Psychology - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The present project focuses on how identity and body image co-develop over time and how they are related to functioning and pathological symptoms, such as eating disorder symptoms. Although the link between one’s body experiences and identity development has been highlighted repeatedly, little integrative work has been conducted.
PhD Program Deadline: July 12, 2021
(7) PhD in Psychology - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: This project investigates the role of biological mechanisms (eg. GI-peptides, microbiota, immune markers, nutritional state…) associated to semi-starvation, in stress sensitivity, cognitive-affective state and food choices in AN.
PhD Program Deadline: July 9, 2021
(8) PhD in Psychology - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: You will execute a scientific research project and write a PhD on the topic of telecommuting. The purpose of the project is to add to existing research by introducing more fine-grained measures of telecommuting, and by examining both individual and team level outcomes.
PhD Program Deadline: June 30, 2021
(9) PhD in Psychology - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The focus is on the role of social context: interpersonal relationships with teachers, peers and parents. Both general student populations and target populations with special educational needs are addressed.
PhD Program Deadline: July 5, 2021
(10) PhD in Psychology - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: In this project, we will translate this laboratory-based evidence into a real-life intervention (phase 1) and investigate the effectiveness of this intervention (phase 2). Phase 1 has now been completed. In phase one we extended a proven, evidence-based physical activity program for the older adults by adding cognitive tasks.
PhD Program Deadline: July 2, 2021
(11) PhD in Psychology - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The unit for family and population research of the Centre for Sociological Research at the University of Leuven (KU Leuven) is recruiting a junior researcher with a strong interest in population issues and family dynamics in Europe.
PhD Program Deadline: July 1, 2021
(12) PhD in Psychology - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: The present project extends two large longitudinal studies in adolescents and emerging adults with a chronic illness (type 1diabetes and congenital heart disease) with three additional datawaves into young adulthood, resulting in two long-term studies spanning a decade.
PhD Program Deadline: July 12, 2021
(13) PhD in Psychology - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: In this project, together with colleagues from logic, linguistics and computer sciences, we want to describe precisely these underlying processes. Theoretical starting points are Johnson-Laird’s mental models theory, Grice’s philosophy of language and De Mey and Smessaert’s bitstrings semantics.
PhD Program Deadline: July 1, 2021
(14) PhD in Psychology - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: Starting from the contemporary problematization of ‘attention deficit’ (ADHD) in educational contexts, this project aims to investigate how the concept of attention evolved historically in philosophies of teaching.
PhD Program Deadline: June 21, 2021
(15) PhD in Psychology - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: You will execute a scientific research project and write a PhD in the domain of HRM (recruitment and selection) and well-being. The purpose of this PhD is to contribute to the knowledge on how application processes affect candidates and organisations.
PhD Program Deadline: July 7, 2021
(16) PhD in Psychology - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: We have recently established an innovative research line integrating state-of-the-art techniques to study the gut microbiota and neurohumoral gut-brain signaling mechanisms with experimental psychology methods and advanced neuroimaging techniques.
PhD Program Deadline: June 30, 2021
(17) PhD in Psychology - Fully Funded
Summary of PhD Program: This project upholds a differentiated perspective on identity (process, status, and narrative identity) and the body (body image and embodiment) using longitudinal and mixed-methods designs.
PhD Program Deadline: July 12, 2021
About The University:
From Renaissance philosophy to cutting-edge nanotechnology: as one of Europe’s oldest universities, KU Leuven boasts a long tradition of ground-breaking research and high-quality education. KU Leuven is dedicated to education and research in nearly all fields. Its fifteen faculties offer education, while research activities are organized by the departments and research groups.
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