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Hypotonic Solution : Definition and Examples
Continue ReadingHypotonic Definition
In our day-to-day life we come across many situations like, “this organism is particularly suited to only this environment and our body needs this much of water and salts to stay hydrated”, and all other things.
The reason behind this is hypotonicity.
Generally, a solution is referred to as hypotonic if it has lower concentration of solute on comparing it with other solution.
Here in Hypotonic, Hypo refers to under/ low/ beneath and tonic refers to concentrate of solutions.
The phenomenon of hypotonic solutions leads to Hypotonicity.
What is Hypotonic Solution?
A solution is said to be hypotonic if it contains a small amount of solution comparable to the cytosol of the cell.
Tonicity is the measure of effective osmotic pressure and water permeability through a semi permeable membrane, which is used to measure the response of the cell when immersed in external solutions.
Examples of Hypotonic Solution
In biology, hypotonic solutions can be explained in relation to blood serum.
On considering blood serum, solutions having osmolarity less than 280 m Osm/litre are referred to as hypotonic solutions.
Hypotonic saline, 2.5% dextrose solution, etc are some of the examples of the hypotonic solutions that are hypotonic comparing with blood serum and are regulated as hypotonic intravenous solutions.
Is Water a Hypotonic Solution?
Water is one of the typical examples of hypotonic solution.
Water is generally a solvent and purified or distilled water will be a promising hypotonic on comparing it with other solutes.
Purified distilled water is a comparatively pure and hence it is considered to be hypotonic to any of the aqueous solute.
Effects of Hypotonic Solutions
A. Animal Cells: If the concentration of water is higher outside on comparing inside of the cell, as a result in movement of water from outside into the cell and as a results cell gains water and swells.
On swelling the internal pressure of the cell increases and it leads to rupturing of a cell or hemolysis.
B. Plant Cells: In case of plant cells the cell swells by increasing its volume and pushes the cell against the cell wall and causes turgidity but not lysis because the cell wall protects it from becoming lysed and these cells also do not stay turbid for a longer period.
Animal cell don’t have the capacity to stay turbid as it lacks cell wall.
C. Protists: Tonicity is essential for regulating the life of almost every organisms. Considering the protists such as paramecia and amoebae which are able to retain their structure due to tonicity regulation though they do not have a cell wall or a cytoskeleton.
As these organisms live in a hypotonic environment where continuous water influx occurs which helps the cell to maintain a definite structure and prevent it from cell lysis.
These organisms contain contractile vacuoles which in the sense acts as a specialized organ to retain excess of water from the cell.
D. Mangroves and Marshy Areas: Considering the areas of mangroves and marshy, they have a high hypertonic environment due to high salt content.
A normal plant will not survive in such extreme conditions. However, those plants which exist in marshy areas or mangroves adapted themselves to create a hypertonic condition in their root cells.
As a result, hypotonic condition around the roots in their external environment helps these plants to absorb water from the surroundings.
E. Freshwater Fishes: Aquatic animals living in freshwater or near seawater adapt a condition to regulate osmoregulation.
Due to this condition, salt content in the water is critical for the aquatic life in any water body.
Sea turtles have adapted themselves to a hypertonic environment with the help of their salt glands.
Thus, these adaptations help the aquatic or freshwater or marine animals to survive in critical hypotonic conditions.
F. Humans: When human body loses excess sodium comparing to that of water loss it results in reduced serum osmolarity. Which is relatively known as hypotonic dehydration.
This condition results in influx of water from extracellular to intracellular space which leads to swelling of the cells.
Thus, the imbalance of sodium in the cells leads to many neurological effects such as nausea or vomiting, confusion, edema etc.
Sometimes in most extreme cases it may also lead to unconsciousness, coma or death.
Considering all these cases it is important to understand that hypotonic dehydration which leads to cell swelling and edema are all due to excessive water retention.
This condition occurs if there is an excessive loss of fluid due vomiting, diarrhea or through burns and wounds.
Sometimes it is also due to Addison’s disease, renal tubular acidosis or because of chronic use of diuretics or over use of intravenous hypotonic fluids or regular saline in patients or hypotonia.
The normal range of blood sodium level in our body ranges from 135-145mEq/ L.
Hypotonia is a condition where sodium in our body falls below 135mEq/L.
This condition results in various heart disease, kidney failure etc. Drinking too much of water and decreased intake of salts may lead to this condition.
Why Freshwater Fishes Can't Survive in Seawater?
We know that freshwater fishes cannot survive in sea water.
The fact that these fishes survive in freshwater as they have higher amount of salt concentrations in their body on comparing with lakes and rivers on which they survive.
So, if these fishes are exposed to sea water, due to hypotonic conditions water will be removed from the body of those fishes and which leads them to dehydrate and perish.
Thus, change in salt content of the water body drastically affects the fish population in any water body.
How Cells Regulate in Hypotonic Solution?
Mushrooms which are one species among the fungus, maintain a hypotonic environment around their cell to maintain the influx of water which helps in regulation of turgor pressure.
This helps the cells to remain rigid which also helps in maintaining their erect structure.
These species also utilise this pressure from the cells to transport water throughout their surface.
This is the reason why plants look wilted in appearance if they are not watered for a long time.
Thus, loss of the turgidity in plants results in wilting of the plant or a specified organism.
Again, on rewatering turgor pressure is generated in plants which helps them to retain their structure and their lost shape.
Symptoms of Hypotonicity
Hypotonicity may lead to nausea, vomiting, oedema, headache, Loss of energy which leads to drowsiness and fatigue and sometimes it may also lead to seizures or coma.
Hypotonic Solutions as a Treatment
When our cells are dehydrated, the fluids need to be put back to be intracellular. This condition often happens when a patient develops diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or hyper osmolar hyperglycemia.
In such cases the administration of hypotonic solutions rehydrates the cells.
Thus, hypotonic solutions play an important role in maintain all organisms and helps them to adapt a particular environment.
Citations
- Isotonic vs Hypotonic Intravenous Fluids for Hospitalized Children. JAMA . 2015 Aug 18;314(7):720-1.
- Hypotonic versus isotonic maintenance intravenous fluid therapy in hospitalized children: a systematic review. Clin Pediatr (Phila) . 2007 Nov;46(9):764-70.
- Isotonic versus hypotonic saline solution for maintenance intravenous fluid therapy in children: a systematic review. Pediatr Nephrol . 2015 Jul;30(7):1163-72.
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Hypertonic Solution : Definition and Examples
Continue ReadingHypertonic Solution Definition
A solution which contains higher concentration of solutes comparing with another solution is referred to as hypertonic solution.
If a cell is placed in a hypertonic tonic solution it will shrink by allowing the water to move out.
When a hypertonic solution placed in an environment of low salt concentration or in a hypotonic solution then both solutions flow up and mix up with each other.
These two solutions will together form a single solution due to the passive exchange of ion and other molecules and gets equalized or isotonic in nature.
Effects of Hypertonic Solution
Since hypertonic solutions contains higher concentrations for e.g. cell, the water molecules move from inside of the cell to the outer environment by osmosis.
This allows the cells to decrease in its internal pressure and results in shrinking of the cell.
Examples of Hypertonic Solutions
A. Human Kidney
Hypertonicity is generally maintained in human kidneys to regulate the amount of water in the body.
These are regulated by special proteins situated in the brain known as osmoreceptors, which also helps in maintaining the molecularity in the external environment of the cell.
When there is no water in the blood to dilute the solutes, Hypothalamus of brain releases hormones which play a key role in maintaining the permeability of the surface membrane of the kidney.
This helps the kidneys to reabsorb the water and add back to bloodstream which it has already excreted, and blood comes back to the normal isotonic state and regular process continues.
B. Sea Turtles
We all know that salt water is more hypertonic as compared with fresh water.
Sea turtle mostly live-in hypertonic regions where hypertonic solutions will dehydrate the turtles and the allows the body to balance different osmolarity.
Hence to overcome these obstacles sea water mammals and other aquatic species including sea turtles develops a unique pathway to remove excess salts through salt glands, which provides an internal environment with less or no loss of excess amount of water to the environment.
C. Plants
Generally, plants are adapted themselves to live in a hypotonic environment but some plants are adapted to live in a hypertonic solution.
Plants which live near marshy and in mangrove areas contain a high concentration of salts which allows the soil to become saturated with these salts.
But most of the plants do not survive to this habitat, but a special type of plant species known as Halophytes has evolved to overcome this obstacle by lowering the water potential of the root cell and to allow water to enter the cells.
This helps the cells to store the excess salts in roots and transports the salts to leaves where they can be excreted through their respective glands.
D. Animal Cells
As we all know plasma membrane separates a content of a cell from the external environment, which also helps in transporting the solutes across.
It also contains special protein channels known as aquaporins which allow the water to flow freely across the membranes.
In such cases energy is needed for the cells for active movement of solutes into and out of the cell.
Many solutes and cells became a hypertonic solution comparing it with the environment. In such conditions the cells without the cell wall will burst.
And in such cases the solutes in the outer environment will become hypertonic and here the water moves out of the cell against the concentration gradient of solutes which initiates the movement of solute from lower to higher concentration.
Generally, the organisms which regulate the osmolarity of their cells are known as osmoregulators.
In such cases the cells try to maintain their cytoplasm as a hypotonic solution comparing it to the environment.
During these cases structural changes occur which allows the water to flow freely through cells and allows it to participate in many of the necessary reactions.
E. Plant Cell
When cell shrinks due to hypertonicity water loses from both vacuoles and cytoplasm in such cases the plasma membrane is being pulled away from the cell wall and the cells become less turgid.
F. Human Osmoregulation
A healthy human body contains same amount of water present in and out of the cells. But when we sweat a lot, we lose more water than sodium, which makes the extracellular fluid hypertonic and makes us dehydrated.
In such cases osmosis occurs between fluid and red blood cells which results in depletion of red blood cells and prevents them from transport of oxygen in and out of the cells.
These hypertonic dehydrations may occur from mild to severe where the mild hypertonic dehydration causes thirst, dry mouth and tiredness and severe hypertonic dehydration results in low pressure, poor functioning of kidneys and muscle cramps.
Hypertonic Solutions as a Treatment
Hypertonic solutions are often used in hospitals in administration of drips and injections which helps the patient to build up their fluid availability in their cells and it also cures oedema which draws water away from bloated tissues and back into the blood stream.
They also help in replacing electrolytes in the body of sick individuals who cannot consume food or liquid themselves through few hypertonic solutions.
Hypertonic solutions help babies who are at the risk of hypoglycemia ((low blood sugar).
Apart from medical usages Hypertonic solutions are also used in food industries to preserve food such as pickling of food in hypertonic conditions which limits the microbes to reproduce.
Hypertonic solutions also help in dehydrating the food and other substances which allows the water to pass through a membrane and helps in maintaining equilibrium.
Hypertonic Citations
- Induction of labor by intra-amniotic instillation of hypertonic solution for therapeutic abortion or intrauterine death. Obstet Gynecol . 1969 May;33(5):729-36.
- Hypertonic solutions in the treatment of hypovolemic shock: a prospective, randomized study in patients admitted to the emergency room. Surgery . 1992 Apr;111(4):380-5.
- The effect of hypertonic solution on the wet weight and contractions of rat uterus and vas deferens. J Gen Physiol . 1969 May;53(5):590-607.
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Down Syndrome : Symptoms, Causes, and Features
Continue ReadingWhat is Down Syndrome?
Human being’s genes are preserved in the nucleus of the cells which comprises of genetic material and are capable of passing down the features from generations to generations and are usually present in a group/cluster of shape similar to a rod named as chromosomes.
Chromosomes are defined as a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
Cell in human beings contains twenty-three pairs of chromosomes which are partly inherited from either parent.
Synonyms for this condition include – 47,XX,+21, 47,XY,+21, Down’s syndrome, Trisomy 21, and Trisomy G. Whenever there are abnormalities, syndromes occur.
Down syndrome occurs when an individual has a full or partial extra copy of chromosome 21 and this chromosome changes the pathway of development and leads to the features that are usually seen in down syndrome.
Most common features usually seen in the Down syndrome patients include are poor tone of the muscle, short stature, an upward slant to the eyes, and a single deep crease known as simian line in the center of the palm.
The severity of the symptoms depends on case basis, some may show severe features while the rest do not show and is variable.
Down Syndrome Epidemiology
In USA it is seen that almost one in every seven hundred babies are born with this abnormality – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
This is one of the most commonly found chromosomal abnormality and approximately six thousand infants are born with down syndrome every year.
Features of Down Syndrome
• Intellectual disability.
• Typical features of face like flat face, upward pointing of outer corners of the eyes (up slanting palpebral fissures), short ears, a short neck, and a tongue protruding out of the mouth.
• Hypotonia that is poor muscle tone in babies.
• Cognitive delays, but the intellectual disability is usually mild to moderate.
Cause of Down Syndrome
Chances of baby suffering from down syndrome increases with the woman who gives birth to the child in their old age.
Etiology of down syndrome includes trisomy 21, it has 3 copies of chromosome 21 rather than 2 which is normal.
Less frequently it is also seen when chromosome number 21 gets translocated to different chromosome early in fetal development when there is formation of the reproductive cells.
They have 2 copies of chromosome number 21 however they have additional contents from chromosome 21 stick to another chromosome which causes 3 copies of genetic components on chromosome number 21 which leads to the translocation Down syndrome.
An exceedingly small % with Down syndrome have an additional copy of chromosome 21 in other cells and this condition is termed as mosaic Down syndrome.
Scientists have suggested that this additional copy interferes with the usual developments thus leading to characteristic traits of down syndrome.
In the translocation Down syndrome, can occur with an unaffected parent since they have rearrangement of genetic material between chromosome 21 and another chromosome.
Such rearrangement is called a balanced translocation.
Since it is balancing no material related to genes is decreased or increased, hence such changes because of chromosomes often end up with health abnormalities.
When such translocation is passed to the next generation, it can become unbalanced and such people who inherit an unbalanced translocation pertaining to the chromosome 21 may have additional genetic material from chromosome 21, which leads to the Down syndrome.
Like trisomy 21, mosaic Down syndrome is not inherited.
It occurs as a random event during cell division early in fetal development.
Resulting, some of the body’s cells have the usual two copies of chromosome 21, and other cells have three copies of this chromosome.
Down Syndrome Symptoms
Individuals with Down Syndrome may have various birth defects, and they usually have small hands and feet and a simian line on the palms.
Almost 50% of the children born with down syndrome have heart defect, while defects in digestion, like blocking of the intestine, are less frequently seen.
Medical conditions in this patient heighten and are sometimes intolerant to gluten, suffer from GERD that is gastroesophageal reflux, flowing of stomach acids backward into oesophagus, and celiac disease.
Fifteen percent people usually have an underactive thyroid gland that is hypothyroidism.
They also usually have greater tendency of hearing and vision problems.
Also, few percent of the population suffering with Down syndrome gives rise to cancer like leukemia.
There is also speech delay seen in down’s patient with late development and behavioral problems like attention problems, obsessive/compulsive behaviour, and stubbornness or tantrums and usually suffer from problems pertaining to growth.
Moreover, speech may be hard to interpret in individuals with Down syndrome.
Sometimes they are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders, that affects further their communication and social interaction and experiences a low decrease in their capacity to process (cognition) with increasing age beyond the age of 50 years.
Risk Factors in Down Syndrome
Medical conditions usually seen in such condition are:
Congenital heart defects,
Hearing loss,
Poor vision,
Cataracts (clouded eyes),
Hip problems,
Dislocations,
Leukemia,
Chronic constipation,
Sleep apnoea (interrupted breathing during sleep),
Dementia (thought and memory problems),
Hypothyroidism (low thyroid function),
Obesity,
Late tooth growth,
Causing problems with chewing,
Another most important risk factor involved with Down syndrome is heightened risk of Alzheimer disease, which leads to slow loss of memory, loss of capacity to think, judgmental skills and capacity to function.
Down Syndrome Treatments
There is no full proof treatment available for down syndrome cases however, supportive therapy helps the patients to cope with it and includes special education teachers that will impart sensory skills, social skills, self-help skills, motor skills and language and cognitive abilities.
They usually attain developmental milestones but usually is late.
Schooling helps kids with Down syndrome with important socialization and to gain fundamentals of life.
The life span also has increased since last decade and now average life span in 50-60 years of age which usually used to be less than 10 years.
Though they face hardship, they never fail to work hard and give their 100% and thereby overcoming those obstacles and sustain.
It is essential that parents and community support such individuals with Down syndrome and their families.
Down Syndrome Citations:
- Down syndrome-A narrative review with a focus on anatomical features. Clin Anat . 2016 Jul;29(5):568-77.
- Down syndrome: Cognitive and behavioral functioning across the lifespan. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet . 2015 Jun;169(2):135-49.
- Diagnosis and management of Down syndrome. Indian J Pediatr . 2014 Jun;81(6):560-7.
- Down syndrome–genetic and nutritional aspects of accompanying disorders. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig . 2015;66(3):189-94.
- Down Syndrome. N Engl J Med . 2020 Jun 11;382(24):2344-2352.
- Down syndrome: a review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod . 1997 Sep;84(3):279-85.
- Endocrine manifestations of Down syndrome. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes . 2018 Feb;25(1):61-66.
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Z Library: All You Need To Know...
Continue ReadingWhat is Z Library?
Z Library formerly known as BookFinder but now popular as a z-lib, is a shadow library project for file-sharing access to general-interest books, academic books, research articles, and academic articles. Some of the books, research articles in Z Library are pirated version.
Z Library is one of the world’s largest online free eBook library and also one of the world’s largest free research article database. It has a very vast collection of general interested books, academic books, research papers, as well as journal articles.
As of now, Z Library states that it has more than 9,340,850 books and 84,837,646 articles. According to the project’s page for academic articles (at booksc.org), it claims to be “the world’s largest e-book library”, as well as “the world’s largest scientific articles store”.
History of Z Library
Formerly known as BookFinder, Z Library Funded in 2009 as an online Free ebook resource. The footer in the Z Library pages contains the phrase “Free ebooks since 2009.”
Features of Z Library
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Go to https://z-lib.org/ to get started. The site looks the same as regular wesbite and is very user-friendly. Type the author’s name, book title, or ISBN into the search field, and you’ll get related results in seconds.
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As a guest, you will be restricted to download only 5 publications daily. Also, you will have restricted access with web site’s main features, including choices to convert files to popular book formats. To make full use the system, you should develop an account as well as this can be done utilizing the Z Library solitary login solution.
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There are three types of membership plans available on Z Library;
Guest Member Plan: You can download 5 books per day if you opt for the guest plan.
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How to Register on Z Library?
Z library is an outstanding free resource as a e library for books and research articles. To get full access of Z Library, individuals need to register using “sign up” button on the website. Once you are a registered users, you can access to tons of books and research articles. We are providing step by step guide on how to register for Z library.
o Type Z library on google or click on https://z-lib.org
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How to Download Free e-books from Z Library?
o Type Z library on google or click on https://z-lib.org https://z-lib.org/
o Sign In if registered already. If you are a new user then, Signup using the steps explained above.
o Click on the books option.
o You will be re-directed to another page.
o Type book title, or author’s name or ISBN into the search bar.
o Relevant results will be displayed shortly.
o You can download the PDF copy of the book.
How to Download Articles on Z Library?
o Type Z library on google or click on https://z-lib.org https://z-lib.org/
o Sign In if registered already. If you are a new user then, Signup using the steps explained above.
o Click on the articles option.
o You will be re-directed to another page.
o Type title, author’s name, journal or DOI into the search bar.
o Relevant results will be displayed shortly.
o You can download the PDF copy of the book.
9 Alternatives of Z Library to Download ebook
AvaxHome is the best eBook site ever for free downloading IT eBooks.
Bluesyemre includes usually free sites of substantial reference value, authoritative, browsable, searchable, and packed with information, whether educational or aimed at answering everyday questions. Many of the links on this blog are resources that he uses frequently in his life as a librarian.
EPDF.PUB, a service Download PDF And Explore Documents Platform, consults with authors and publishers about PDF workflows, formats, and more. We work hard to encourage the creation of high-quality PDF files, both with our consulting and training.
4. Overdrive
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Project Gutenberg is an online library of free eBooks. Project Gutenberg was the first provider of free electronic books, or eBooks. Michael Hart, founder of Project Gutenberg, invented eBooks in 1971 and his memory continues to inspire the creation of eBooks and related content today.
Free Book Spot is a free e-books links library where you can find and download free books in almost any category. Do you like ebooks? This is place for you! We have lots of links to free ebooks in more than 90 categories. You can find scientific, engineering, programming, fiction and many other books. All books are ready for download without registering. As a member you can add new books and add comments. To become a member you should register. Registration is free and short.
You can find scientific, engineering, programming, fiction and many other books. All books are ready for download without registering.
To date, we have gathered over 20 million records from a variety of large catalogs as well as single contributions, with more on the way. Open Library is an open project: the software is open, the data are open, the documentation is open, and we welcome your contribution. Whether you fix a typo, add a book, or write a widget–it’s all welcome. We have a small team of fantastic programmers who have accomplished a lot, but we can’t do it alone!
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How Extensive is the Z Library?
According to estimation, as of April 2021, the Z Library has around 24 categories of 80,759,561 articles and 6,754,720 books available for free for the public.
Is it Legal to Access Z Library?
Z library is a pirate site, means Z Library is violating the copyrights policy of publishers by distributing the published books and articles freely without any authorization.
It is illegal in many countries, and many impose a fine on such practice. You can access books and articles from z-lib and likely get no issue or fine except that you should acknowledge that you are accessing on illegal source.
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E-books or e-articles are often circulated through the internet freely, implying that the authors and publishers allow direct downloading of the books. It is perfectly legal to download PDFs of Ebooks from Z Library. However, downloading e-copy of books or articles which are protected by copyright policy from the publishers is deemed illegal.
Is Z Library Safe?
Yes, downloading books from the Z library is safe. Although there are some concerns about downloading books with protected copyrights through Z library, users have no legal issues. If there are any, it is the website’s responsibility. If there are any penalties or legal concerns, we, as readers, are exempt.
How To Contact Z Library Support?
You can contact Z Library officials at support@bookmail.org. You can find the email address we’ve provided on Z Library’s official website.
Who Can Contribute for Z Library?
Individuals can also contribute to the website’s repository to make literature accessible to as many people as possible. Z-library also describes itself as a non-profit organization sustained by donations.
Who Is the Owner of Z Library?
After more than a decade on the internet, no one knows who hosts or manages the Z library. The truth is that no one knows who is the owner of Z Library.
What is I can’t Find a Specific Book in Z Library
You can request a specific book using the Book Request option. However, book request doesn’t guarantee that the book will be added. Please note that this option is available only for books with ISBN. Books without ISBN can be tracked using the ZAlerts.
Can I Send Books Directly to My Kindle Device?
Yes, you can!
What If I’m having a Problem Downloading Books?
You can contact at support@bookmail.org with any issues you have.
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